Stable grounding system to avoid catastrophic electrical failures in fiber-reinforced composite aircraft

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus are described to detect, measure, and determine the presence of unknown Groundloop currents flowing through unidentified circuit pathways within the wiring system distributed within a portion of a fuselage of an airplane substantially made from fiber-reinforced composite materials to avoid catastrophic failures of the electrical system within such an airplane.

PRIORITY CLAIMED FROM RECENT U.S. PROVISIONAL PATENT APPLICATIONS

Applicant claims priority for this application to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/070,130, filed on Aug. 15, 2014, that is entitled “Proposed Modifications of Main and APU Lithium-Ion Battery Assemblies on the Boeing 787 to Prevent Fires: Add One Cell, Eliminate Groundloops, and Monitor Each Cell with Optically Isolated Electronics—Part 5”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. (PPA-105)

Applicant claims priority for this application to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/070,585, filed on Aug. 29, 2014, that is entitled “Proposed Modifications of Main and APU Lithium-Ion Battery Assemblies on the Boeing 787 to Prevent Fires: Add One Cell, Eliminate Groundloops, and Monitor Each Cell with Optically Isolated Electronics—Part 6”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. (PPA-106)

Applicant also claims priority for this application to the U.S. Provisional Patent Application mailed to the USPTO on the date of Tuesday, Aug. 11, 2015, using a Certificate of Deposit by U.S. Express Mail, having Express Mail Label No. EH 542 901 809 US, that is entitled “Proposed Modifications of Main and APU Lithium-Ion Battery Assemblies on the Boeing 787 to Prevent Fires: Add One Cell, Eliminate Groundloops, and Monitor Each Cell with Optically Isolated Electronics—Part 7”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. The Serial Number for this provisional application is to be assigned by the USPTO. (PPA-107)

PRIORITY CLAIMED FROM CO-PENDING U.S. PATENT APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation-in-part (C.I.P) application of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/167,766, filed on Jan. 29, 2014, that is entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Monitoring and Fixing Holes in Composite Aircraft”, an entire coy of which is incorporated herein by reference. Applicant claims priority to this co-ending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/167,766. (Composite-3)

Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/167,766 claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/959,292, filed on Aug. 19, 2013, that is entitled “Smart Patch for Fixing and Monitoring Holes in Composite Aircraft”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. (PPA-C3)

Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/167,766 claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/867,963, filed on Aug. 20, 2013, that is entitled “Smart Patch for Fixing and Monitoring Holes in Composite Aircraft—Redundant”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. (PPA-C3 Redundant)

Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/167,766 claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/849,585, filed on Jan. 29, 2013, that is entitled “Proposed Modifications of Main and APU Lithium-Ion Battery Assemblies on the Boeing 787 to Prevent Fires: Add One Cell, Eliminate Groundloops, and Monitor Each Cell with Optically Isolated Electronics”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. (PPA-101)

Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/167,766 claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/850,095, filed on Feb. 9, 2013, that is entitled “Proposed Modifications of Main and APU Lithium-Ion Battery Assemblies on the Boeing 787 to Prevent Fires: Add One Cell, Eliminate Groundloops, and Monitor Each Cell with Optically Isolated Electronics—Part 2”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. (PPA-102)

Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/167,766 claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/850,774, filed on Feb. 22, 2013, that is entitled “Proposed Modifications of Main and APU Lithium-Ion Battery Assemblies on the Boeing 787 to Prevent Fires: Add One Cell, Eliminate Groundloops, and Monitor Each Cell with Optically Isolated Electronics—Part 3”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. (PPA-103)

Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/167,766 claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/965,351, filed on Jan. 27, 2014, that is entitled “Proposed Modifications of Main and APU Lithium-Ion Battery Assemblies on the Boeing 787 to Prevent Fires: Add One Cell, Eliminate Groundloops, and Monitor Each Cell with Optically Isolated Electronics—Part 4”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. (PPA-104)

Each of the above defined U.S. Provisional Patent Applications have been incorporated herein in their entirety by reference unless there is a conflict between the specification herein and that appearing in any particular U.S. Provisional Patent Application, such as the use of trademarks, and in such case, the specification herein shall take precedence.

PARTICULARLY RELEVANT U.S. PROVISIONAL PATENT APPLICATIONS AND U.S. PATENT APPLICATIONS, THE ENTIRETY OF WHICH ARE INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The present application is related to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/270,709, filed Jul. 10, 2009, that is entitled “Methods and Apparatus to Prevent Failures of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials Under Compressive Stresses Caused by Fluids and Gases Invading Microfractures in the Materials”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. (PPA-32)

The present application is related to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/396,518, filed on May 29, 2010, that is entitled “Letter to Boeing Management”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. (PPA-33)

The present application is related to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/849,968, filed on Feb. 6, 2013, that is entitled “Additional Methods and Apparatus to Prevent Failures of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials Under Compressive Stresses Caused by Fluids and Gases Invading Microfractures in Materials”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. (PPA-34)

The present application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/804,039, filed on Jul. 12, 2010, that is entitled “Methods and Apparatus to Prevent Failures of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials Under Compressive Stresses Caused by Fluids and Gases Invading Microfractures in the Materials”, that is now U.S. Pat. No. 8,515,677, which issued on Aug. 20, 2013, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. (Composite-1)

The present application is also related to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/966,172, filed on Aug. 13, 2013, that is entitled “Methods and Apparatus to Prevent Failures of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials Under Compressive Stresses Caused by Fluids and Gases Invading Microfractures in the Materials”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. (Composite-2)

Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/966,172 (Composite-2) is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/583,240, filed on Aug. 17, 2009, that is entitled “High Power Umbilicals for Subterranean Electric Drilling Machines and Remotely Operated Vehicles”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. Ser. No. 12/583,240 was published on Dec. 17, 2009 having Publication Number US 2009/0308656 A1, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. Ser. No. 12/583,240 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,353,348 B2 on Jan. 15, 2013, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. (Rig-5)

Ser. No. 12/583,240 is a continuation-in-part (C.I.P.) application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/005,105, filed on Dec. 22, 2007, that is entitled “High Power Umbilicals for Electric Flowline Immersion Heating of Produced Hydrocarbons”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. Ser. No. 12/005,105 was published on Jun. 26, 2008 having Publication Number US 2008/0149343 A1, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. Ser. No. 12/005,105 is now abandoned. (Rig-4)

Ser. No. 12/005,105 a continuation-in-part (C.I.P.) application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/800,443, filed on Mar. 14, 2004, that is entitled “Substantially Neutrally Buoyant and Positively Buoyant Electrically Heated Flowlines for Production of Subsea Hydrocarbons”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. Ser. No. 10/800,443 was published on Dec. 9, 2004 having Publication Number US 2004/0244982 A1, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. Ser. No. 10/800,443 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,311,151 B2 on Dec. 25, 2007. (Rig-3)

Ser. No. 10/800,443 claimed priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Applications No. 60/455,657, No. 60/504,359, No. 60/523,894, No. 60/532,023, and No. 60/535,395, and an entire copy of each is incorporated herein by reference.

Ser. No. 10/800,443 is a continuation-in-part (C.I.P.) application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/729,509, filed on Dec. 4, 2003, that is entitled “High Power Umbilicals for Electric Flowline Immersion Heating of Produced Hydrocarbons”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. Ser. No. 10/729,509 was published on Jul. 15, 2004 having the Publication Number US 2004/0134662 A1, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. Ser. No. 10/729,509 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,032,658 B2 on Apr. 25, 2006, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. (Rig-2)

Ser. No. 10/729,509 claimed priority from various Provisional Patent Applications, including Provisional Patent Application No. 60/432,045, and No. 60/448,191, and an entire copy of each is incorporated herein by reference.

Ser. No. 10/729,509 is a continuation-in-part (C.I.P) application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/223,025, filed Aug. 15, 2002, that is entitled “High Power Umbilicals for Subterranean Electric Drilling Machines and Remotely Operated Vehicles”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. Ser. No. 10/223,025 was published on Feb. 20, 2003, having Publication Number US 2003/0034177 A1, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. Ser. No. 10/223,025 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,857,486 B2 on Feb. 22, 2005, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. (Rig-1)

Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/694,884, filed on Jan. 15, 2013, that is entitled “Drilling Apparatus”, is a continuation-in-part (C.I.P.) application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/583,240. An entire copy of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/694,884 is incorporated herein by reference. (Rig-7)

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED U.S. APPLICATIONS

This application relates to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/313,654 filed on Aug. 19, 2001, that is entitled “Smart Shuttle Systems”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/353,457 filed on Jan. 31, 2002, that is entitled “Additional Smart Shuttle Systems”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/367,638 filed on Mar. 26, 2002, that is entitled “Smart Shuttle Systems and Drilling Systems”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/384,964 filed on Jun. 3, 2002, that is entitled “Umbilicals for Well Conveyance Systems and Additional Smart Shuttles and Related Drilling Systems”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/432,045, filed on Dec. 8, 2002, that is entitled “Pump Down Cement Float Valves for Casing Drilling, Pump Down Electrical Umbilicals, and Subterranean Electric Drilling Systems”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/448,191, filed on Feb. 18, 2003, that is entitled “Long Immersion Heater Systems”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/455,657, filed on Mar. 18, 2003, that is entitled “Four SDCI Application Notes Concerning Subsea Umbilicals and Construction Systems”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/504,359, filed on Sep. 20, 2003, that is entitled “Additional Disclosure on Long Immersion Heater Systems”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/523,894, filed on Nov. 20, 2003, that is entitled “More Disclosure on Long Immersion Heater Systems”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/532,023, filed on Dec. 22, 2003, that is entitled “Neutrally Buoyant Flowlines for Subsea Oil and Gas Production”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/535,395, filed on Jan. 10, 2004, that is entitled “Additional Disclosure on Smart Shuttles and Subterranean Electric Drilling Machines”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/661,972, filed on Mar. 14, 2005, that is entitled “Electrically Heated Pumping Systems Disposed in Cased Wells, in Risers, and in Flowlines for Immersion Heating of Produced Hydrocarbons”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/665,689, filed on Mar. 28, 2005, that is entitled “Automated Monitoring and Control of Electrically Heated Pumping Systems Disposed in Cased Wells, in Risers, and in Flowlines for Immersion Heating of Produced Hydrocarbons”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/669,940, filed on Apr. 9, 2005, that is entitled “Methods and Apparatus to Enhance Performance of Smart Shuttles and Well Locomotives”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/761,183, filed on Jan. 23, 2006, that is entitled “Methods and Apparatus to Pump Wirelines into Cased Wells Which Cause No Reverse Flow”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/794,647, filed on Apr. 24, 2006, that is entitled “Downhole DC to AC Converters to Power Downhole AC Electric Motors and Other Methods to Send Power Downhole”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to Ser. No. 09/375,479, filed Aug. 16, 1999, having the title of “Smart Shuttles to Complete Oil and Gas Wells”, that issued on Feb. 20, 2001, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,189,621 B1, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to Ser. No. 09/487,197, filed Jan. 19, 2000, having the title of “Closed-Loop System to Complete Oil and Gas Wells”, that issued on Jun. 4, 2002 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,397,946 B1, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to application Ser. No. 10/162,302, filed Jun. 4, 2002, having the title of “Closed-Loop Conveyance Systems for Well Servicing”, that issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,868,906 B1 on Mar. 22, 2005, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to application Ser. No. 11/491,408, filed Jul. 22, 2006, having the title of “Methods and Apparatus to Convey Electrical Pumping Systems into Wellbores to Complete Oil and Gas Wells”, that issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,325,606 B1 on Feb. 5, 2008, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to application Ser. No. 12/012,822, filed Feb. 5, 2008, having the title of “Methods and Apparatus to Convey Electrical Pumping Systems into Wellbores to Complete Oil and Gas Wells”, that issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,836,950 B2 on Nov. 23, 2010, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED FOREIGN APPLICATIONS

This application also relates to PCT Application Serial Number PCT/US00/22095, filed Aug. 9, 2000, having the title of “Smart Shuttles to Complete Oil and Gas Wells”, that has International Publication Number WO 01/12946 A1, that has International Publication Date of Feb. 22, 2001, that issued as European Patent No. 1,210,498 B1 on Nov. 28, 2007, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to PCT Patent Application Number PCT/US02/26066 filed on Aug. 16, 2002, entitled “High Power Umbilicals for Subterranean Electric Drilling Machines and Remotely Operated Vehicles”, that has the International Publication Number WO 03/016671 A2, that has International Publication Date of Feb. 27, 2003, that issued as European Patent No. 1,436,482 B1 on Apr. 18, 2007, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to PCT Patent Application Number PCT/US03/38615 filed on Dec. 5, 2003, entitled “High Power Umbilicals for Electric Flowline Immersion Heating of Produced Hydrocarbons”, that has the International Publication Number WO 2004/053935 A2, that has International Publication Date of Jun. 24, 2004, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to PCT Patent Application Number PCT/US2004/008292, filed on Mar. 17, 2004, entitled “Substantially Neutrally Buoyant and Positively Buoyant Electrically Heated Flowlines for Production of Subsea hydrocarbons”, that has International Publication Number WO 2004/083595 A2 that has International Publication Date of Sep. 30, 2004, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

RELATED U.S. DISCLOSURE DOCUMENTS

This application relates to disclosure in U.S. Disclosure Document No. 451,044, filed on Feb. 8, 1999, that is entitled “RE: —Invention Disclosure—Drill Bit Having Monitors and Controlled Actuators”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to disclosure in U.S. Disclosure Document No. 458,978 filed on Jul. 13, 1999 that is entitled in part “RE: —INVENTION DISCLOSURE MAILED JULY 13, 1999”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to disclosure in U.S. Disclosure Document No. 475,681 filed on Jun. 17, 2000 that is entitled in part “ROV Conveyed Smart Shuttle System Deployed by Workover Ship for Subsea Well Completion and Subsea Well Servicing”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to disclosure in U.S. Disclosure Document No. 496,050 filed on Jun. 25, 2001 that is entitled in part “SDCI Drilling and Completion Patents and Technology and SDCI Subsea Re-Entry Patents and Technology”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to disclosure in U.S. Disclosure Document No. 480,550 filed on Oct. 2, 2000 that is entitled in part “New Draft Figures for New Patent Applications”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to disclosure in U.S. Disclosure Document No. 493,141 filed on May 2, 2001 that is entitled in part “Casing Boring Machine with Rotating Casing to Prevent Sticking Using a Rotary Rig”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to disclosure in U.S. Disclosure Document No. 492,112 filed on Apr. 12, 2001 that is entitled in part “Smart Shuttle™ Conveyed Drilling Systems”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to disclosure in U.S. Disclosure Document No. 495,112 filed on Jun. 11, 2001 that is entitled in part “Liner/Drainhole Drilling Machine”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to disclosure in U.S. Disclosure Document No. 494,374 filed on May 26, 2001 that is entitled in part “Continuous Casting Boring Machine”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to disclosure in U.S. Disclosure Document No. 495,111 filed on Jun. 11, 2001 that is entitled in part “Synchronous Motor Injector System”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to disclosure in U.S. Disclosure Document No. 497,719 filed on Jul. 27, 2001 that is entitled in part “Many Uses for The Smart Shuttle™ and Well Locomotive™”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to disclosure in U.S. Disclosure Document No. 498,720 filed on Aug. 17, 2001 that is entitled in part “Electric Motor Powered Rock Drill Bit Having Inner and Outer Counter-Rotating Cutters and Having Expandable/Retractable Outer Cutters to Drill Boreholes into Geological Formations”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to disclosure in U.S. Disclosure Document No. 499,136 filed on Aug. 26, 2001, that is entitled in part “Commercial System Specification PCP-ESP Power Section for Cased Hole Internal Conveyance Large Well Locomotive™”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to disclosure in U.S. Disclosure Document No. 516,982 filed on Aug. 20, 2002, that is entitled “Feedback Control of RPM and Voltage of Surface Supply”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to disclosure in U.S. Disclosure Document No. 531,687 filed May 18, 2003, that is entitled “Specific Embodiments of Several SDCI Inventions”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to U.S. Disclosure Document No. 572,723, filed on Mar. 14, 2005, that is entitled “Electrically Heated Pumping Systems Disposed in Cased Wells, in Risers, and in Flowlines for Immersion Heating of Produced Hydrocarbons”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to U.S. Disclosure Document No. 573,813, filed on Mar. 28, 2005, that is entitled “Automated Monitoring and Control of Electrically Heated Pumping Systems Disposed in Cased Wells, in Risers, and in Flowlines for Immersion Heating of Produced Hydrocarbons”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to U.S. Disclosure Document No. 574,647, filed on Apr. 9, 2005, that is entitled “Methods and Apparatus to Enhance Performance of Smart Shuttles and Well Locomotives”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to U.S. Disclosure Document No. 593,724, filed Jan. 23, 2006, that is entitled “Methods and Apparatus to Pump Wirelines into Cased Wells Which Cause No Reverse Flow”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to U.S. Disclosure Document No. 595,322, filed Feb. 14, 2006, that is entitled “Additional Methods and Apparatus to Pump Wirelines into Cased Wells Which Cause No Reverse Flow”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to U.S. Disclosure Document No. 599,602, filed on Apr. 24, 2006, that is entitled “Downhole DC to AC Converters to Power Downhole AC Electric Motors and Other Methods to Send Power Downhole”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application relates to the U.S. Disclosure Document that is entitled “Seals for Smart Shuttles” that was mailed to the USPTO on the Date of Dec. 22, 2006 by U.S. Mail, Express Mail Service having Express Mail Number EO 928 739 065 US, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Various references are referred to in the above defined U.S. Disclosure Documents. For the purposes herein, the term “reference cited in applicant's U.S. Disclosure Documents” shall mean those particular references that have been explicitly listed and/or defined in any of applicant's above listed U.S. Disclosure Documents and/or in the attachments filed with those U.S. Disclosure Documents. Applicant explicitly includes herein by reference entire copies of each and every “reference cited in applicant's U.S. Disclosure Documents”. In particular, applicant includes herein by reference entire copies of each and every U.S. patent cited in U.S. Disclosure Document No. 452,648, including all its attachments, that was filed on Mar. 5, 1999. To best knowledge of applicant, all copies of U.S. patents that were ordered from commercial sources that were specified in the U.S. Disclosure Documents are in the possession of applicant at the time of the filing of the application herein.

RELATED U.S. TRADEMARKS

The term Smart Shuttle® is a Registered Trademark (Reg. No. 3007586). The term Well Locomotive® is a Registered Trademark (Reg. No. 3007587). Applicant further claims common law trademark rights in the marks “Downhole Rig™,” “Universal Completion Device™,” “Downhole BOP™” and “Smart Patch™.”

Accordingly, in view of the Trademark registrations and common law trademark rights, the term “smart shuttle” is capitalized as “Smart Shuttle”; the term “well locomotive” is capitalized as “Well Locomotive”; the term “downhole rig” is capitalized as “Downhole Rig”; the term “universal completion device” is capitalized as “Universal Completion Device”; the term “downhole bop” is capitalized as “Downhole BOP”, and the term “smart patch” is capitalized as “Smart Patch.” The lack of a “™” symbol in combination with any of these terms is not a waiver of any trademark rights.

In addition, the following Trademarks are also used herein: “Subterranean Electric Drilling Machine™” abbreviated “SEDM™.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The field of invention relates to methods and apparatus to monitor failures of fiber-reinforced composite materials under compressive stresses caused by fluids and gases invading microfractures in those materials, particularly as may develop in aircraft having a fuselage comprising fiber-reinforced composite materials, as well as methods and apparatus for repairing damage to such structures.

The field of invention also relates to methods and apparatus to detect, measure, and determine the presence of unknown Groundloop currents flowing through unidentified circuit pathways within the wiring system distributed within a portion of a fuselage of an airplane substantially made from fiber-reinforced composite materials to avoid catastrophic failures of the electrical system within such an airplane and to prevent electrical interference with apparatus to monitor microfractures in the fiber-reinforced composite materials and other composite materials of the airplane.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Catastrophic failures of fiber-reinforced composite materials have proven to be a problem in the oil and gas industries. Now, such fiber-reinforced composite materials have now been incorporated into critically important structural components of aircraft. Such structural components include but are not limited to the wing and the wing junction boxes of aircraft. Any catastrophic failure of fiber-reinforced wings and/or wing junction boxes or other structural components during flight would likely result in significant loss of life and the destruction of the aircraft.

A problem with composites is that they catastrophically delaminate under certain circumstances. For example please refer to the article entitled “Offshore oil composites: Designing in cost savings” by Dr. Jerry Williams, a copy of which appears in Attachment No. 3 to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/270,709, filed on Jul. 10, 2009, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. One notable quote is as follows: “ . . . (the) failure modes are different for metals and composites: Compression failure modes for composites include delamination and shear crippling that involves microbuckling of the fibers.”

Based upon Dr. Williams' assessments, clearly compressive forces applied to composites can cause significant problems. Carbon fiber filaments are typically woven into a fabric material, which may be typically impregnated with epoxy resin. Such structures are then typically laminated and cured. On a microscopic level, and in compression, the carbon fibers can buckle. This in turn opens up what the applicant herein calls “microfractures” (or “microcracks”) in larger fabricated parts which are consequently subject to invasion by fluids and gasses.

Because of the risk of catastrophic delamination of composites under compression, the assignee of the present application, Smart Drilling and Completion, Inc., decided some time ago to use titanium or aluminum interior strength elements, and to surround these materials with fiber-reinforced composite materials to make certain varieties of umbilicals. For example, please see FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C in the U.S. patent application entitled “High Power Umbilicals for Subterranean Electric Drilling Machines and Remotely Operated Vehicles”, that is Ser. No. 12/583,240, filed Aug. 17, 2009, that was published on Dec. 17, 2009 as US 2009/038656 A1, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. The assignee may also include embedded syntactic foam materials so that the fabricated umbilicals are neutrally buoyant in typical drilling muds for its intended use in a borehole.

Reference is made to the front-page article in The Seattle Times dated Jun. 25, 2009 entitled “787 delay: months, not weeks”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. This article states in part, under the title of “Last months: test” the following: “This test produced delamination of the composite material—separation of the carbon-fiber layers, in small areas where the MHI wings join the structure box embedded in the center fuselage made by Fugi Heavy Industries (FHI) of Japan.” It should certainly be no news to those of at least ordinary skill in the art that this is a high stress area, and portions of these stresses will inevitably be compressive in nature.

Consequently, in such areas subject to compressive stresses, microfractures will allow, for example, water, water vapor, fuel, grease, fuel vapor, and vapors from burned jet fuel to enter these microfractures, that in turn, could cause a catastrophic failure of the wing and/or the wing junction box—possibly during flight. Similar catastrophic problems could arise at other locations including composite materials.

The counter-argument can be presented as follows: “but, the military flies aircraft made from these materials all the time, and there is no problem”. Yes, but, the military often keeps their planes in hangers, has many flight engineers regularly and continuously inspecting them, and suitably recoats necessary surfaces with many chemicals to protect the composites and to patch radar absorbing stealth materials. So, it may not be wise to extrapolate the “no problems in the military argument” to the exposure of wings and wing boxes in civil commercial aircraft, including those of the 787, to at least some substantial repetitive compressive forces that may also be simultaneously subject to long-term environmental contamination by ambient fluids and gases.

Reference is also made to the Jun. 24, 2009 summary article in the Daily Finance entitled “Is Boeing's 787 safe to fly”?, by Peter Cohan, the one page summary copy of which appears in Attachment No. 4 to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/270,709 filed on Jul. 10, 2009, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. This article states in part: “Composites are lighter and stronger hence able to fly more fuel efficiently. But engineers don't completely understand how aircraft made of composite materials will respond to the stresses of actual flight. This incomplete understanding is reflected in the computer models they use to design the aircraft. The reason for the fifth delay is that the actual 787 did not behave the way the model predicted.”

The complete article entitled “Is Boeing's 787 safe to fly?”, in the Daily Finance, by Peter Cohan, dated Jun. 24, 2009, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference, further states: “Specifically, Boeing found that portions of the airframe—those where the top of the wings join the fuselage—experienced greater strain than computer models had predicted. Boeing could take months to fix the 787 design, run more ground tests and adjust computer models to better reflect reality.” This article continues: “And this is what raises questions about the 787's safety. If engineers continue to be surprised by the 787's response to real-world operating stresses, there is some possibility that the testing process might not catch all the potential problems with the design and construction of the aircraft.”

Significant problems have occurred in the past during the development of new airframes. For example, inadequate attention was paid the possibility of high stresses causing catastrophic metal fatigue during the development of the de Havilland Comet. High stresses were a surprise particularly around the square window corners. Such failure of adequate attention resulted in several notable crashes.

Another example is the explosive decompression in flight suffered by Aloha Airlines Flight 243. Water entering into an epoxy-aluminum bonded area caused the basic problem. Consequently, an epoxy resin failure between two laminated materials (in this case aluminum) has caused significant problems in the past.

The complete article entitled “New Challenges for the Fixers of Boeing's 787” “The First Big Test of Mending Lightweight Composite Jets”, The New York Times, Tuesday, Jul. 30, 2012, front page B1 of the Business Day Section (the “NYTimes Article”), an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference, asks “how difficult and costly will it be to repair serious damage” and notes that composite structures do not visibly dent, require special ultrasound probes to identify damaged areas and new maintenance tools and skills for mechanics. Damage to the fuselage can occur in numerous ways, including from pilots dragging the tail of the plane on the runway, and from service vehicles colliding with the nose, and the fuselage near passenger and cargo doors.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the invention is to provide methods and apparatus to use real-time measurement systems to detect the onset of compression induced micro-fracturing of fiber-reinforced composite materials.

Another object of the invention is to provide measurement means to detect the onset of compression induced micro-fracturing of fiber-reinforced composite materials to prevent catastrophic failures of aircraft components containing such materials.

Yet another object of the invention is to provide methods and apparatus to prevent fluids and gases from invading any compression induced microfractures through any coated surfaces of fiber-reinforced materials to reduce the probability of failure of such fiber-reinforced materials.

Another object of the invention is to provide a real time electronics system measurement means fabricated within a portion of an aircraft made of fiber-reinforced composite materials to detect the onset of compression induced micro-fracturing of the fiber-reinforced composite materials to prevent the catastrophic failure of the portion of the aircraft or portions of the aircraft proximate thereto.

Yet another object of the invention is to provide a real time electronics system measurement means to measure the differential resistivity of materials fabricated within a portion of an aircraft made of fiber-reinforced composite materials to detect the onset of compression induced micro-fracturing of the fiber-reinforced composite materials to prevent the catastrophic failure of the portion of the aircraft.

Yet another object of the invention is to provide an intelligent patch to repair a damages area, such as a hole, in an aircraft body, particularly where the aircraft body is made from fiber-reinforced composite materials. In one embodiment, the intelligent patch adheres to the aircraft body. It possesses means to conduct electrical current from a first current conducting electrode to another current conducting electrode. The electrical current may be DC, AC, or may have any complex waveform in time. The intelligent patch may have any number of current conducting electrodes, and they may be of any shape, including strips along portions of the patch, etc. Electrical current may be passed from any first ensemble of current conducting electrodes to any second ensemble of current conducting electrodes, where an ensemble is one or more electrodes. One or more sensors may be utilized to measure, monitor and determine the condition of the intelligent patch, including the repaired area of the fuselage.

In a further embodiment, communication means may be included to issue an alarm or warning signal to indicate a condition, such as the presence of compression induced microfractures and/or swarming of such microfractures.

In a further embodiment, sensors may be utilized to measure electronic signals from a phased array of acoustic transmitters and receivers disposed within the intelligent patch.

In a further embodiment, electronic sensor means will measure small imperfections in the condition of said intelligent patch and said repaired area of said fuselage, wherein said small imperfections have dimensions of 0.010 inch or smaller, and preferably 0.0010 inch or smaller, and electronic sensor means will also measure larger imperfections in the condition of said intelligent patch and said repaired area of said fuselage, wherein said larger imperfections have dimensions of 0.011 inch or larger, and preferably 0.0011 inch and larger. It is further contemplated that multiple different sensors may be utilized simultaneously where one sensor is designed for detecting relatively small cracks, holes, or imperfections due to the fundamental operating principles of the sensor, and another type of sensor is utilized to detect larger cracks, holes, or imperfections due to its fundamental operating principles. For example, electrical resistance sensors are well suited for detecting small imperfections. Similarly, it is also believed that phased array acoustic sensors, phased array ultrasonic sensors, phased array shearography sensors, phased array acoustic resonance sensors, phased array thermography sensors, X-ray sensors and fiber-optic sensors may also be utilized to detect relatively small cracks, holes, or imperfections. Conversely, acoustic sensors, due to the their comparatively larger wave length, are well suited for detecting relatively large cracks, holes or imperfections, as are ultrasonic sensors, shearography sensors, acoustic resonance sensors, thermography sensors, radiography sensors, and thermal wave imaging sensors.

The term “phased array” is used in the previous paragraph. By way of example, in one preferred embodiment, the term “phased array acoustic sensors” means that voltages in time are obtained and recorded from two or more physical sensors sensitive to the acoustic waves present. The acoustic waves are generated by an acoustic source. In general, the voltage versus time from each sensor will be different in amplitude and phase. Signal processing techniques are then used to process the voltages versus time from two or more sensors that preserve the phase information in a manner to reduce noise and uncertainty using standard mathematical processing techniques generally known to physicists, to electrical engineers, and to certain acoustic data processing experts in the medical field.

In a further embodiment, an intelligent patch is provided to cover a damaged area of the fuselage of an airplane. The intelligent patch comprising at least one of an electrical resistance sensor means, fiber-optic electronic sensor means, acoustic transmitter and sensor means, phased array acoustic sensor means, ultrasonic transmitter and sensor means, phased array ultrasonic sensor means, thermosonics sensor means, air coupled ultrasonic sensor means, acoustic resonance sensor means, X-ray sensor means, radiography sensor means, thermal wave imaging sensor means, thermography sensor means, and shearography sensor means to measure, monitor, and determine the condition of said intelligent patch and the specific repaired area of said fuselage.

In yet other embodiments, the intelligent patch may be used to fix composite structures other than airplanes, including, for example, automobiles, boats, fluid tanks, pipelines and other composite structures. The intelligent patch can detect micro-fracturing of fiber-reinforced composite materials in these structures and further detect imperfections or holes of varying sizes.

In addition, the sensor array provided by an intelligent patch may have a variety of other uses and may be made of different materials, including steel, aluminum or alloys of the same. The patch may be a metal mesh combined with fiberglass or composite fiber material. The patch may be used to temporarily or permanently fix aluminum bodies in aircraft, automobiles, steel portions in ship hulls, and metal tanks and pipelines. For example, a ship with a breached hull may utilize a metal intelligent patch in a situation requiring a quick temporary fix. The sensor array can provide feedback to the ship's crew regarding its viability and leakage on an on-going basis.

Another object of the invention is to provide methods and apparatus to detect, measure, and determine the presence of unknown Groundloop currents flowing through unidentified circuit pathways within the wiring system distributed within a portion of a fuselage of an airplane substantially made from fiber-reinforced composite materials to avoid catastrophic failures of the electrical system within such an airplane.

Yet another object of the invention is to provide methods and apparatus to prevent electrical interference with apparatus to monitor microfractures in the fiber-reinforced composite materials and other composite materials of the airplane caused by the presence of Groundloop currents.

The above-described embodiments and configurations are neither complete nor exhaustive. As will be appreciated, other embodiments of the invention are possible utilizing, alone or in combination, one or more of the features set forth above or described in detail below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the disclosure and together with the general description of the disclosure given above and the detailed description of the drawings given below, serve to explain the principles of the disclosures.

It should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale. In certain instances, details that are not necessary for an understanding of the disclosure or that render other details difficult to perceive may have been omitted. It should be understood, of course, that the disclosure is not necessarily limited to the particular embodiments illustrated herein.

FIG. 1 shows an aircraft having substantial fiber-reinforced materials, such as a Boeing 787.

FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of how the right and left wings are attached to the center wing box, and an embodiment of the distribution of sensor array systems in a portion of the fiber-reinforced composite materials particularly subject to compressive stresses.

FIG. 3 shows the upper right wing connection apparatus of the embodiment of FIG. 2 which connects the upper right wing to the mating portion of the upper right center wing box.

FIG. 4 shows modifications to the upper right wing connection apparatus of the embodiment of FIG. 2 which connects the upper right wing to the mating portion of the upper center wing box.

FIG. 5 shows one embodiment of a real time electronics system measurement means fabricated within a portion of an aircraft made of fiber-reinforced composite materials to detect the onset of compression induced micro-fracturing.

FIG. 6 shows one embodiment of a real time electronics system measurement means particularly suited for a laboratory demonstration of the measurement principles applied in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 shows an intelligent patch applied to an aircraft body.

FIG. 8 shows a further embodiment of an intelligent patch applied to an aircraft body.

FIG. 9 shows one embodiment of apparatus to determine the presence of unknown Groundloop currents flowing through unidentified circuit pathways within the wiring system distributed within a portion of a fuselage of an airplane substantially made from fiber-reinforced composite materials.

FIG. 10 shows another embodiment of apparatus to determine the presence of unknown Groundloop currents flowing through unidentified circuit pathways within the wiring system distributed within a portion of a fuselage of an airplane substantially made from fiber-reinforced composite materials.

FIG. 11 shows one embodiment of apparatus to monitor the presence of unknown Groundloop currents flowing through unidentified circuit pathways within the wiring system distributed within a portion of a fuselage of an airplane substantially made from fiber-reinforced composite materials.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following description will typically be with reference to specific structural embodiments and methods. It is to be understood that there is no intention to limit the invention to the specifically disclosed embodiments and methods but that the invention may be practiced using other features, elements, methods and embodiments. Preferred embodiments are described to illustrate the present invention, not to limit its scope, which is defined by the claims. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize a variety of equivalent variations on the description that follows. Like elements in various embodiments are commonly referred to with like reference numerals.

The fiber-reinforced wings and wing boxes of Boeing 787's are described very well in an article in The Seattle Times, dated Jul. 30, 2009, entitled “Double trouble for Boeing 787 wing” by Dominic Gates, that appears on the front page and on A8, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. That article provided several colored drawings showing the then existing wings and wing box assemblies, and the then proposed reinforcement of those assemblies.

Some aspects of FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4 herein are based on the information provided in that Jul. 30, 2009 article in The Seattle Times. Applicant is grateful for that information.

FIG. 1 shows an airplane 2 having substantial quantities of fiber-reinforced composite materials, that has a right wing 4 (when viewed standing in front of airplane 2), left wing 6, and center wing box 8. The wings and wing boxes are substantially fabricated from fiber-reinforced materials. In the Jul. 30, 2009 article, the airplane sketched was the Boeing 787. It should be appreciated that the inventions disclosed herein are not limited to the Boeing 787 nor to wings and wing boxes, but are applicable to any structure comprising fiber-reinforced materials.

FIG. 2 shows a cross section view of the center wing box 8 in fuselage 10, having its top skin 12 and bottom skin 14, its top stringers 16, and its bottom stringers 18. Wing 6 has its top wing skin 20, bottom wing skin 22, its top stringers 24, and its bottom stringers 26. Wing 4 has its top wing skin 28, its bottom wing skin 30, its top stringers 32, and bottom stringers 34. Left wing connection apparatus 36 connects the left wing 6 to the mating portion of the center wing box. Upper right wing connection apparatus 38 connects the right wing 4 to the mating portion of the center wing box.

FIG. 3 shows an expanded version of the upper right wing connection apparatus 38. Many of the various elements have already been identified above. In addition, the right-hand wall of the fuselage 40 is coupled to the center wing box 8 and to the right wing 4 by parts 42, 44, and 46. High stress points 48 and 50 were identified as being related to the failures of the wings and the center wing junction box during the tests described in the article dated Jul. 30, 2010.

In FIG. 4, the modifications described in the article dated Jul. 30, 2010 are shown. U-shaped cutouts in the stringers 52 and 54 are shown, along with the addition of fastener bolts 56 and 58. Element 38A shows an expanded version of the upper right wing connection apparatus that has been modified.

Referring again to FIG. 2, lower left-wing connection apparatus 100 and lower right-wing connection apparatus 102 are areas which are in substantial compression. So, in these areas, the fiber-reinforced materials are in substantial compression. Consequently, sensor array systems 104, 106, 108, and 110 are shown as being placed in areas subject to substantial compressive forces applied to the fiber-reinforced composite materials. These sensor array systems are monitored to determine if microfractures are being produced, and to determine if fluids and gases are invading any such microfractures in the materials.

Information from the sensor arrays are sent via wires such as 112 through wing box to fuselage connector 114 to monitoring instrumentation 116. That monitoring instrumentation may be in the fuselage, or external to the fuselage, or may be connected by a wireless communications link. Power to any measurement devices in the sensor array systems are provided by wires such as 112. By “sensor array” is meant to include means to make a change to the materials (such as the conduction of electricity) and the measurement of a parameter (such as a change in resistance or resistivity of the materials).

To avoid fluid invasion problems, in several preferred embodiments, real-time measurement systems are described to detect the onset of compression induced micro-fracturing. So, not only would stress and strain be measured in live-time, but also whether or not fluids and gases have invaded the microfractures. In other preferred embodiments, the electrical resistivity between adjacent laminated sections is used as a convenient way to determine if there has been invasion of conductive fluids (such as salt water) into the microfractures. Extraordinarily precise differential measurements may be made of such resistivity, and the applicant has had many years of experience in such measurements during the development of the Through Casing Resistivity Tool. In other preferred embodiments, precise differential measurements are made in real-time of various dielectric properties that will allow the detection of non-conductive fluids and gases. In other embodiments, undue swelling of the composites are also directly measured with sensors that will give an advance indication of potential catastrophic failures due to fluid and/or gas invasion. In many embodiments, the sensors themselves are integrated directly into the composite materials during manufacture. In some embodiments, the existing carbon fibers already present may be used. Accordingly, there are many live-time measurements that we can use to prevent catastrophic failures.

Yet other embodiments of the invention provide inspection techniques based on measurements to determine invasion of fluids and gases into the composite materials is clearly needed.

A preferred embodiment of the invention describes a method to use real-time measurement systems to detect the onset of compression induced micro-fracturing of fiber-reinforced composite materials. In a preferred embodiment, the real-time measurement systems measure the electrical resistivity between different portions of the fiber-reinforced composite materials.

In selected embodiments, changes in time of electrical resistivity between different portions of the fiber-reinforced composite materials are used to determine the invasion of conductive fluids into the microfractures of the fiber-reinforced composite materials. In several preferred embodiments, fiber-reinforced composite materials comprise a portion of an umbilical in a subterranean wellbore that conducts electricity through insulated wires to an electric drilling machine. In other preferred embodiments, the fiber-reinforced composite materials comprise a portion of a Boeing 787 wing, 787 wing box assembly, and any combination thereof. The invention applies to fiber-reinforced composite materials used in any portion of an airplane.

In other preferred embodiments, the real-time measurement systems measure dielectric properties between different portions of fiber-reinforced composite materials.

In selected embodiments, changes in time of measured dielectric properties between different portions of the fiber-reinforced composite materials are used to determine the invasion of fluids and gases into the microfractures of said fiber-reinforced composite materials. In selected preferred embodiments, these methods are used to monitor fiber-reinforced composite materials that comprise a portion of an umbilical in a subterranean wellbore. In other selected embodiments, the methods and apparatus are used to monitor fiber-reinforced composite materials comprise a portion of a Boeing 787 wing, 787 wing box assembly, and any combination thereof, or any other portion of fiber-reinforced composite materials comprising any portion of an airplane.

Selected preferred embodiments of the invention provide methods and apparatus wherein substantial portions of the real-time measurement systems are fabricated within the fiber-reinforced composite materials. In selected preferred embodiments, changes in time of measured properties are used to determine the invasion of fluids and gases into the microfractures of the fiber-reinforced composite materials.

In selected embodiments, measurement means are provided to detect the onset of compression induced micro-fracturing of fiber-reinforced composite materials to prevent catastrophic failures of aircraft components containing such materials.

In other preferred embodiments, the measurement means further includes means to detect and measure the volume of fluids and gases that have invaded the microfractures in the fiber-reinforced composite materials.

In yet another preferred embodiment, methods and apparatus are provided to prevent fluids and gases from invading any compression induced microfractures of fiber-reinforced materials to reduce the probability of failure of such materials. Such methods and apparatus include special coating materials that coat fabricated fiber-reinforced materials, wherein such special materials are defined to be a coating material means. Such methods and apparatus further includes a coating material means is used to coat fiber-reinforced composite materials in visually inaccessible areas of airplanes. Such methods and apparatus further include special materials incorporated within the fiber-reinforced materials that are hydrophilic (tend to repel water). Such methods and apparatus further include special materials incorporated within the fiber-reinforced materials that absorb during a chemical reaction that produces a new portion of the matrix material in the fiber-reinforced composite material. Such methods and apparatus further includes special materials incorporated within the fiber-reinforced materials that absorb gases. Such methods and apparatus yet further includes self-healing substances designed to fill any such microfractures in the fiber-reinforced materials. Such methods and apparatus yet further include self-healing substances whereby at least one component of the matrix material used to make the fiber-reinforced composite material. Such matrix material may be comprised of at least an epoxy resin material and a hardener component. The self-healing substance may further include a hardener component designed to set-up slowly over a period in excess of one year.

Another preferred embodiment of the invention includes methods and apparatus wherein predetermined compressional stresses induce a chemical reaction within a special material fabricated within the fiber-reinforced composite material that prevents fluids and gases from invading any compression induced microfractures of fiber-reinforced materials to reduce the probability of failure of such materials. In several preferred embodiments, such predetermined compressional stresses induce a structural phase transition within a special material fabricated within the fiber-reinforced composite material that prevents fluids and gases from invading any compression induced microfractures of fiber-reinforced materials to reduce the probability of failure of such materials.

Further embodiments include methods and apparatus wherein at least a portion of the fiber-reinforced composite material is exposed to a relatively high-pressure inert gas which slowly diffuses through other portions of the fiber-reinforced composite material to prevent other fluids and gases from invading any compression induced microfractures of the fiber-reinforced material to reduce the probability of failure of the material. The inert gas can include dry nitrogen. Such methods and apparatus apply to any portion of a fiber-reinforced material that is comprised of at least one channel within said fiber-reinforce composite material.

Yet other preferred embodiments provide additional special fibers that are added during the manufacturing process of a standard fiber-reinforced composite material to make a new special fiber-reinforced material to prevent fluids and gases from invading any compression induced microfractures of said special fiber-reinforced material to reduce the probability of failure of said special fiber-reinforced material. Such special fibers include fibers comprised of titanium. Such special fibers include fibers comprised of any alloy containing titanium.

Other embodiments provide special fibers that are added during the manufacturing process of a standard fiber-reinforced composite material to make a new special fiber-reinforced material to reduce the probability of the formation of stress-induced microfractures in said material. Such special fibers include fibers comprised of titanium. Such special fibers include fibers comprised of any alloy containing titanium.

Other preferred embodiments provide methods and apparatus to isolate the wing boxes of composite aircraft from environmental liquids, such as water, and from environmental gases, such as jet exhaust to reduce the probability of failure of such materials. Such methods and apparatus include means to prevent fluids and gases from invading any compression induced microfractures through any coated surfaces of fiber-reinforced materials to reduce the probability of failure of such fiber-reinforced materials.

Other selected embodiments of the invention incorporate the relevant different types of physical measurements defined in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/270,709, filed Jul. 9, 2010, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, such physical measurements include acoustic transmitters and receivers, ultrasonic transmitters and receivers, phased array ultrasonics, thermosonics, air coupled ultrasonics, acoustic resonance techniques, x-ray techniques, radiography, thermal wave imaging, thermography and shearography. These cited physical measurements, and selected additional physical measurements described in the References incorporated into this document, may be used to make the basic sensors of a real time electronics system measurement means fabricated within a portion of an aircraft made of fiber-reinforced composite materials to detect the onset of compression induced micro-fracturing of said fiber-reinforced composite materials to prevent the catastrophic failure of said portion of said aircraft.

Reference is made to the article entitled “Nondestructive Inspection of Composite Structures: Methods and Practice” by David K. Hsu, 17th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing, 25-28 Oct. 2008, Shanghai, China, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. This is a review article of methods and apparatus to inspect composite materials and will be hereinafter abbreviated as Hsu, 2008.

Many non-destructive tests are reviewed, which include water- and air-coupled ultrasound bond testing, manual and automated tap testing, thermography, and shearography (hereinafter collectively, “standard techniques”).

In the case of one of the mechanisms described herein, composite materials under compression in or near the wing box ingest or soak-up water, jet fuel, etc. and are subject to a catastrophic delimitation.

The interior portion of the wing box is very hard to access. Some portions subject to testing are deep into the wing, significant distances from the outer skin of the aircraft. The interior portion of the wing box is not subject to any external visual inspection from outside the aircraft. Nor will any of the “standard techniques” noted above work to determine the failure mechanism described herein on an interior portion of the wing box from outside the aircraft.

An individual can access some areas of the interior portion of the wing box from inside the wing. There are crawl spaces. Some hand-held inspection tools, such as a hand-held tap tester, or hand-held acoustic device, could be used by an individual to inspect certain portions of the interior portion of the wing box. But, the sensitivity of these are severely limited.

In Section 4.3 of Hsu, 2008, the article talks about sensitivities . . . “as small as 3 mm (⅛″) diameter can be detected . . . ”. This is a pretty large hole and not sensitive enough to determine the presence or absence of microfractures of the type produced by the mechanism described herein.

In addition, reference is made to an article in USA Today, entitled “Signs of pre-existing fatigue found on Southwest aircraft”, by Roger Yu, Apr. 4, 2011 (the “USA Today Article”), an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. The USA Today Article states in part:

-   -   “The FAA said it no longer believes airplanes can fly forever,”         Goldfarb said. “They have life limits. And because of extensive         fatigue, airlines need to retire them at a limit. (The FAA)         thinks just (having) inspection is not enough. These cracks can         propagate quickly.         The USA Today Article further states in part:     -   In justifying the new rules, the FAA said, “Existing inspection         methods do not reliably detect widespread fatigue damage because         cracks are initially so small and may then link up and grow so         rapidly that the affected structure fails before an inspection         can be performed to detect the cracks.”

So, even after many years of flying, and after much study, the FAA concludes that they do not have a good way to determine what is going to happen on a given aircraft by using present inspection techniques. Please note the first above quote from the USA Today Article implies that cracks are to be expected. Furthermore, microcracks are apparently common in aluminum—which are, by analogy, just the type of microcracks in composites that can result in the failure mechanism described herein.

In the second above quote from the USA Today Article, microcracks may link up and grow very rapidly, a phenomenon which might be called “swarming of microcracks” for the purposes herein. If such swarming occurs, and fluids such as water, jet fuel, etc. invade the structure, the composite can catastrophically fail within a short period of time. This is one mechanism described herein.

None of the “standard techniques” noted above are adequate to monitor the failure mechanism described herein. However, resistivity measurements are cited herein as having the resolution to detect and monitor this problem.

Accordingly, another preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 5. That FIG. 5 shows a Differential Form of a Four Point Resistivity Measurement generally identified with numeral 202. This type of measurement is particularly sensitive and immune to electromagnetic interference. Some engineers also call it a Four Point Resistance Measurement provided the physical dimensions are defined to turn the resistance measured into resistivity. The measurement is being performed on a material 204 that is a fiber-reinforced composite material such as that found in a wing or wing box of a Boeing 787. Such a fiber-reinforced material also includes materials identified as a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer material of the type used in an Airbus A350 wing or wing box. The material 204 has a surface that is defined as “SURFACE OF COMPOSITE UNDER TEST”, which legend is defined in FIG. 5.

In FIG. 5, electrical current generation means 206 is used to generate electrical current identified with the legend I in FIG. 5. That electrical current I is passed between current conducting electrode A and current conducting electrode B through material 204, legends further identified on FIG. 5. The current conducting circuit shown is completed with insulated wire 208.

In FIG. 5, voltage measurement electrodes C, D, and E are in electrical contact with material 204, which legends are defined in FIG. 5. Current passing between current conducting electrodes A and B will generate a voltage difference V1 between voltage measurement electrodes C and D, which legend V1 is defined in FIG. 5. Current passing between current conducting electrodes A and B will also generate a voltage difference V2 between voltage measurement electrodes D and E, which legend V2 is defined in FIG. 5.

The voltages V1 and V2 are provided to the respective inputs 210, 212, and 214 of processing electronics 216. The inputs are not shown in FIG. 5 for clarity, but would be understood by those of skill in the art. Processing electronics 216 provides detection, amplification, logical processing, and other electronics to provide an output voltage V3, a legend identified in FIG. 5. The output voltage V3 is given by the following:

V3=S1·K1·(R2−R1)  Equation 1.

In Equation 1, K1 is a proportionality constant that converts resistance to resistivity units appropriate for the geometry of the various defined electrodes in electrical contact with material 204. It should be noted that resistance is normally measured in ohms, and resistivity has the units of ohm-meters. The parameter S1 is an amplification factor sometimes helpful to overcome environmental noise.

Voltage V3 is proportional to the difference in resistance between R2 and R1. The difference in resistance can be measured to many decimal points—six is typical. The inventor has previously done such measurements to an accuracy of eleven decimal places.

The voltage V3 is provided to an input of communications electronics module 218. The input 220 of communications module 218 and the insulated wire 222 carrying voltage V3 are not shown in FIG. 5 for the purposes of clarity but would be understood by those of skill in the art.

In the particular embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 5, communications module 218 provides the data including V3 to a remote Receiver Unit (224—not shown in FIG. 5) but understood by those of skill in the art. The communication module 218 provides the data via radio frequency communications 226 that is further identified with legend “DATA OUT=RF” in FIG. 5.

Power supply 228 provides electrical power to electrical current generation means 206 via insulated wire 230. Power supply 228 also provides electrical power to processing module 216 via insulated wire 232 (numeral not shown in FIG. 5). Power supply 228 also provides electrical power to communications module 218 via insulated wire 233 (numeral not shown in FIG. 5).

In this particular preferred embodiment of the invention, power supply 228 obtains its power from an AC magnetic field identified by the legend “POWER IN=60 HZ AC MAGNETIC FIELD” in FIG. 5. In one embodiment, the AC Magnetic Field is provided by a remote Power Transmitter Unit 236 (which numeral is not shown in FIG. 5 but would be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art). The AC Magnetic field generated by remote Power Transmitter Unit 236 is intercepted by insulated coil of wire 238. The changing AC Magnetic Field induces a voltage in the insulated coil of wire 238 and is used to provide electrical power to power supply 228. In several embodiments of the invention, a battery is included within power supply 228 to store energy received from the remote Power Transmitter Unit 236 that in turn may be used to power elements 206, 216 and 226 in FIG. 5 when the Power Transmitter Unit is not nearby (such as during flight of an aircraft).

The electronic elements, including the current conducting electrodes, the voltage measurement electrodes, elements 206, 216, 218, 228, 230, 238, any electrical conductors required, the remote Power Transmitter Unit 236, and remote Receiver Unit 224 are defined for the purposes herein as a real time electronics measurement system means 240 to provide Differential Four Point Resistivity Measurements of the material 204 under test. The various components of the electronics means 240 may be incorporated within the body of the material 204, or on a surface of the material —identified by the legend previously described, or any combination thereof in various embodiments.

As stated before, the electrical current generation means 206 generates the electrical current identified with the legend I in FIG. 5. The electrical current I may be chosen to be DC, AC, DC plus AC, or may have an arbitrary function in time. There are advantages to each choice. Depending on the choice, the resulting voltages V1, V2, and V3 will be DC, AC, DC plus AC, or may have an arbitrary function in time.

DC current may be the simplest to implement, but may be subject to adverse noise problems. AC is a good choice, and phase sensitive detection methods may be used to enhance the signal and reduce the effect of any noise present. (For example, see Section 15.15 entitled “Lock-in detection” in the book entitled “The Art of Electronics” by Horowitz and Winfield identified in the References hereto.) The DC plus AC has some advantages of both. If the current is chosen to have an arbitrary function in time, signal averaging or “signal stacking” techniques may be used to enhance the signal and reduce the noise. (For example, see Section 15.13 entitled “Signal averaging and multichannel averaging” in the book entitled “The Art of Electronics” previously mentioned in this paragraph.)

In a particularly simple approach, the voltage from just one pair V1 can be measured to extract some information especially if combined with phase sensitive detection methods and or signal averaging methods as appropriate.

FIG. 6 shows an experimental arrangement 250 perhaps most suited in a laboratory environment to convey the principles related to the above defined measurement apparatus. A particular sample 252 is a COMPOSITE UNDER TEST, a legend defined in FIG. 6. The current supply 254 provides current I to current conducting electrodes A and B. Voltage measurement electrodes C, D, and E are in electrical contact with the COMPOSITE UNDER TEST 252. Differential amplifiers 256, 258, and 260 provide output voltage V3. In this case, the output voltage V3 is given by:

V3=S2·K2·(R2−R1)  Equation 2.

In Equation 2, S2 is the appropriate proportionality constant that converts resistance to resistivity units, and S2 is the appropriate overall amplification of the system. FIG. 6 shows a laboratory version of a real time electronics system measurement means 262 to provide Differential Four Point Resistivity Measurements of the material 204 under test. Similar comments made in relation to FIG. 5 for using DC, AC, DC plus AC, and arbitrary waveforms also apply to the current I in FIG. 6.

It is appropriate to return again to FIG. 5. In one embodiment, the apparatus shown in FIG. 5 is a monolithic assembly in contact with the composite. In another embodiment, it is sealed against the surface of the composite under test. In yet another embodiment, it is simply epoxied in place. In another embodiment, an inspector applying a magnetic field from outside the skin of the aircraft, will prompt the device to measure V3 and those results are sent to a receiver box on the exterior of the aircraft (not shown). In another embodiment, the results are sent to a receiver box on the interior of the aircraft (not shown). In various different embodiments, the results can be sent to any selected location (not shown). Furthermore, from such a selected location, the results can be further relayed to other specific locations by suitable communications systems (not shown) as would be appreciated by those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure.

So, the apparatus can be retrofitted onto a wing box of a 787 by a worker crawling through the crawl space. No extra wires are used to power the apparatus. The apparatus in FIG. 5 does have the sensitivity to detect changes in the microfractures within the composite and the presence of fluids such as water or jet fuel. Such monitoring can be used to prevent the catastrophic failure of composites within the wing box region of the 787. Similar comments apply to other composite structures within the 787 or other aircraft having composite structures such as the Airbus 350.

In yet other embodiments of the invention, it is not necessary to have the solenoid powered—battery combination. Rather, in analogy with some old-time wrist watches that needed no winding, a motion powered generator can be made a part of the apparatus shown in FIG. 5. For example, a small round magnet rolling around in a cavity surrounded with pick-up coils can be used to generate power and charge the battery.

Different embodiments of the apparatus in FIG. 5 can perform and store its measurements periodically. After the plane has landed, a hand-held Reader outside the aircraft can then send an RF signal to a receiver coil in the device to “Start Read”. The RF transmitter can then send RF to the hand-held Reader that receives the data. The hand-held Reader can then be connected wirelessly to a remote computer. The Reader in this paragraph is another embodiment of the Receiver Unit described above.

In another embodiment of the invention, the apparatus shown in FIG. 5 is provided with cell phone-like receiver and transmitter capabilities. After the plane is parked, a call from an external computer to the on-board “cell phone” is used to “Start Read”. Then, data is communicated to the computer that made the call—using tones for digits in one embodiment. Tones will work here in one embodiment because not much data is involved in particularly simple embodiments of the invention.

In yet another embodiment of the invention, and if the aircraft itself supports cell phone calls at any location world-wide, then the aircraft supported cell phone network can be used to “Start Read” and to download the data seamlessly, anywhere in the world, all the time, any time. With such a network, the apparatus in FIG. 5 can be programmed to “wake up” and send an alarm if the data shows there is a problem.

In yet other embodiments of the invention, similar comments apply to Wi-Fi networks or any other communication networks which aircraft support now and into the future.

For example, one preferred embodiment the following steps are executed:

a. select a portion of the wing box for monitoring;

b. epoxy the measurement apparatus to the portion of the wing box;

c. when the plane lands, the results will be automatically sent by auto-dialing to a cell phone number.

In yet other embodiments, the electrical power and the communications to the measurement apparatus may be made by conventional wiring to aircraft wiring bus. In such case, methods and apparatus defined in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/849,585, filed on Jan. 29, 2013 (PPA-101), in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/850,095, filed on Feb. 9, 2013 (PPA-102), in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/850,774, filed on Feb. 22, 2013 (PPA-103), and in U.S. Provisional Patent Application mailed to the USPTO on the date of Jan. 27, 2014 having Express Mail Label No. EU 900 555 027 US entitled “Proposed Modifications of Main and APU Lithium-Ion Battery Assemblies on the Boeing 787 to Prevent Fires: Add One Cell, Eliminate Groundloops, and Monitor Each Cell with Optically Isolated Electronics—Part 4” (PPA-104), may be used to minimize undesirable effects of Groundloops on the measurement apparatus. Entire copies of these four U.S. Provisional Patent Applications have been previously incorporated in their entirety herein by reference.

As addressed previously in connection with the USA Today Article, the FAA has determined that it does not have a good way to determine what is going to happen on a given aircraft by using present inspection techniques. It is implied that cracks are to be expected and that microcracks may link up and grow very rapidly.

In addition to detecting and monitoring for microcracks, the airline industry needs methods and apparatus to repair major damage to the airframes. These will be called “patches” for the purposes herein.

In this regard, reference is made to the article entitled “New Challenges for the Fixers of Boeing's 787” “The First Big Test of Mending Lightweight Composite Jets”, The New York Times, Tuesday, Jul. 30, 2012, front page B1 of the Business Day Section (the “NYTimes Article”), an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Known fabrication techniques can be used to manufacture “Dumb Patches” that have no self-monitoring capabilities. For example, such existing methods and apparatus are cited in U.S. Pat. No. 7,896,294 that issued in 2011 to Airbus that is entitled “Cover Skin for a Variable-Shape Aerodynamic Area”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. As another example, such existing methods and apparatus are cited in U.S. Pat. No. 8,246,882 that issued in 2012 to The Boeing Company that is entitled “Methods and Performs for Forming Composite Members with Interlayers Formed of Nonwoven, Continuous Materials”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

It is preferred that the patch is able to monitor itself automatically for integrity. Such a patch is called a “Smart Patch™” monitoring system for the purposes herein. A generic term for a “Smart Patch™” is an intelligent patch.

In one embodiment, the intelligent patch possesses an M×N array of voltage measurement electrodes, where M and N are variables. For example, M may be 2 and N may be 2. For example, M may be 1,000,000, and N may be 1,000,100.

In one embodiment, the intelligent patch possesses measurement and processing means to electronically measure the voltage measurements from the M×N array of voltage measurement electrodes.

The voltage difference between any two voltage measurement electrodes may be selectively measured with the measurement and processing means.

The differential voltage between a first pair of voltage measurement electrodes and a second pair of voltage measurement electrodes may be selectively measured with the measurement and processing means.

If AC currents are used, the measurement and processing measurement means may use standard electronic filter means to reduce environmental noise.

If AC currents are used, phase sensitive detection means may be used to reject environmental noise. Such methods are described in Composite-2 and in four attachments respectfully labeled as PSD-Ref a.pdf, PSD-Ref b.pdf, PSD-Ref c.pdf and PSD-Ref d.pdf in Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 61/959,292 and 61/867,963 filed on Aug. 19 and 20, 2014, respectively (PPAC-3 and PPAC-3 Redundant).

The original source for PSD—Ref a.pdf (copy in PPA C-3) is:

-   -   courses.washington.edu/phys431/lock-in/lockin.pdf

The original source for PSD—Ref b.pdf (copy in PPA C-3) is:

-   -   www.phys.utk.edu/labs/.../lock-in %20amplifier%20experiment.pdf

The original source for PSD—Ref c.pdf (copy in PPA C-3) is:

-   -   “from Stanford Research Systems. Application note detailing how         lock-in amplifiers work” at         http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock-in_amplifier

The original source for PSD—Ref d.pdf (copy in PPA C-3) is:

-   -   The article entitled “Lock-in Amplifier” at www.wikipedia.org

One or more currents may be used. One may be DC. Another may be AC. Or a combination selected. Or multiple AC currents may be used. Each could require its own separate measurement and processing measurement means to provide suitable voltage measurements or differential voltage measurements.

In selected embodiments, signal averaging techniques may be used.

In one embodiment, in addition to a first AC current at frequency f1 that flows between the current conducting electrodes, a separate controlled source ultrasonic modulator that oscillates at frequency f2 is also embedded in the intelligent patch. Phase sensitive techniques are used to monitor the AC current flowing that is modulated by the ultrasonic waves passing through the material. Information appears at the sidebands of f2−f1 and f2+f1.

The intelligent patch possesses intelligent processing means so that it can itself determine whether or not a threshold is reached requiring additional human inspection. Such intelligent processing means includes any type of artificial intelligent processing techniques and procedures.

In several preferred embodiments, if the threshold is reached, the intelligent patch automatically communicates that information to a communications system. In one embodiment, a simple dial-up transmitter for cell phones is connected into a local cell phone network. The information transmitted would include an identification code (example is 5032, meaning this is patch no. 5032 on a particular aircraft) and a warning code (for example a code 911 meaning that human inspection is needed ASAP).

In another embodiment, communication about any problems can also be done by using “Cloud Computing”. For example, please refer to the pdf copy of the article entitled “Ten Ways Cloud Computing is Revolutionizing Aerospace and Defense” by Louis Columbus, a copy of which is attached to PPAC-3 and PPAC-3 Redundant and labeled as PSD-Ref e.pdf. This article appeared at Yahoo. The Link to the article is defined in the copy attached to PPAC-3 and PPAC-3 Redundant.

In several preferred embodiments, the intelligent patch includes internal power generation means. In one embodiment, this is provided by solar power. In another embodiment, this is provided by small magnets near pick-up coils. In other embodiments, this is provided by power mechanisms that are used to power mechanical watches.

For example, please refer to U.S. Pat. No. 6,183,125 entitled “Electronic Watch” that issued on Feb. 6, 2001, assigned to the Seiko Epson Corporation of Tokyo, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The intelligent patch technology may also be used during the original fabrication of an aircraft to monitor the condition of the aircraft as it ages. In one embodiment, the intelligent patch technology is used in just a portion of a newly fabricated aircraft that is subject to failure—such as in a tail section. Or in another embodiment, the intelligent patch technology is used within the entire fuselage to monitor the condition of the fuselage.

The intelligent patch may also be used on the bodies of remote control drone aircraft to determine the condition of the craft. This could be incorporated into the original design or used as a repair.

The intelligent patch may also be used on the bodies of automobiles.

The intelligent patch may also be used on the hulls of ships.

The intelligent patch may also be used on the hulls of submarines.

In various embodiments, the intelligent patches may contain one or more sensor types.

In various embodiments, the intelligent patches may be overlaid. E.g. A “standard” 3 sensor type patch may be overlaid with a single sensor “specialty” patch containing a less common type of sensor array.

In various preferred embodiments, the intelligent patches may be “cut to fit” while maintaining functionality of the retained sensors. In several embodiments of these, after cutting, the intelligent patches auto-detect the locations of still functioning sensors and self-programs itself to provide the desired measurements.

In selected embodiments, the intelligent patches may come in “tape” form of various widths.

In various embodiments, the intelligent patches may have surface “ground” traces to properly connect to the plane's static dissipation and grounding system. In a preferred embodiment, this is the metal fuselage structure, or special conducting material incorporated in composite structures.

In various embodiments, the intelligent patches may contain materials that form conductive or resistive patterns or surfaces when a treatment is applied. E.g. embedded small copper pieces can form conductive patterns or surfaces when the patch is mechanically abraided and polished. Treatment is not limited to such mechanical action, it could be chemical, photo-chemical, x-ray, etc. and it could affect internal layers of the patch, not just the outer surface.

In various embodiments, the intelligent patches may have dedicated areas where electrical “contact” connections may be applied, or such contact points may be spread throughout the patch either randomly or in a pattern.

In various embodiments, the intelligent patches may contain “non-contact” connection capability which may be restricted to specific points as above, or spread throughout the patch. Non-contact connections may be inductive, RF, or optical and cover the full electromagnetic spectrum.

In various embodiments, contact or non-contact connections may be used to interface individual intelligent patch layers (multiple patches) or to interface aircraft electronics.

In various preferred embodiments, the intelligent patches may have a bonding agent pre-applied when manufactured (self-adhesive). Or they may be pre-impregnated with resins (pre-preg) ready for laminating onto a composite. Or they may be manufactured without a bonding agent. Such “bare” patches may be porous or non-porous, smooth or have a variety of surface textures.

In various embodiments, the intelligent patches may have marks or other information printed on them to help guide orientation, cutting, installation, and connection.

In various embodiments, the intelligent patch technology may be integrated into aircraft “covering” products, including products for covering “open frame” construction as well as those for covering other surfaces.

Please refer to FIG. 5. FIG. 5 shows current electrode A. However, any number of analogous current conducting electrodes A1, A2, A3, . . . A(j), where (j) may be any integer can be introduced into a composite or on its surface (or any combination thereof). Each of these electrodes may have any three dimensional shape, and may form any desired pattern or patterns. The electrodes A1, A2, A3 . . . , etc. may be chosen to be distributed in any manner within, or on the surface of a composite. These electrodes may be chosen to overlap, and in certain embodiments, may be chosen to make electrical contact (for example, to reduce the electrical impedance).

FIG. 5 also shows current electrode B. However, any number of analogous current conducting electrodes B1, B2, B3, . . . B(p), where (p) may be any integer can be introduced into a composite or on its surface (or any combination thereof). Each of these electrodes may have any three dimensional shape, and may form any desired pattern or patterns. The electrodes B1, B2, B3 . . . , etc. may be chosen to be distributed in any manner within or on the surface of a composite. These electrodes may be chosen to overlap and in certain embodiments, may be chosen to make electrical contact (for example, to reduce the electrical impedance).

FIG. 5 shows current electrode configuration C, D and E. However, any number of analogous current conducting electrode configurations C1, D1, E1; C2, D2, E2; C3, D3, E3; . . . C(q), D(q) and E(q), where (q) may be any integers can be introduced into a composite or on its surface (or any combination thereof). Each of these electrodes may have any three dimensional shape, and may form any desired pattern or patterns. The electrode configurations C1, D1, E1; C2, D2, E2; . . . etc. may be chosen to be distributed in any manner within or on the surface of a composite. In certain embodiments, these electrode may be chosen to overlap, and in some embodiments, can be made to make electrical contact (for example, for redundancy purposes).

As one preferred embodiment of the invention described above, please refer to FIG. 7 that shows one embodiment of the invention. A portion of an aircraft body 302 has intelligent patch 304 monitoring system covering hole 305 in the body of the aircraft.

FIG. 8 shows another embodiment of the invention. Aircraft body 322 has a top surface identified as 324 and the aircraft body 322 has a hole 326 through the aircraft body. Alternatively, aircraft body could be called a fuselage. Intelligent patch 328 adheres to portions of the aircraft body in a manner to completely cover the hole 326.

Electrical current 330 is passed through the intelligent patch monitoring system between first current conducting electrode 332 and second current conducting electrode 334. The M×N array of voltage measurement electrodes 336 is fabricated within the patch and is large enough so that the M×N array of those electrodes physically covers the hole 326. Electrodes are identified as E (m, n). Here m is an integer ranging from 1 to M. Here n is an integer ranging from 1 to N.

For example, the voltage difference may be selectively measured between Electrode (4765, 6037) and Electrode (5021, 8693) (not shown in FIG. 8 for brevity). As described earlier, the voltage differential between pairs may be measured. In any event, in certain embodiments, the voltage from any Electrode (m, n) is available from measurement and processing means 338. Furthermore, said measurement and processing means 338 may provide any type of electrical processing (such as phase sensitive detection), filtering, computation, storage, manipulation, or any other necessary function to provide information from any electrode, or pairs of electrodes, or any other combination of electrodes as desired. Selected types of electrical processing are described in Composite-2, that are incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the processed information is sent by data transmitter device 340 to a remote data receiver 342. In one embodiment described above, cell phone technology is implemented for the data transmitter device 340 and the remote data receiver 342. As described in one embodiment, the data receiver receives the ID for the intelligent patch and a code indicating that human inspection is needed as described above. Several different codes could be transmitted as needed, each providing different messages, including one indicating that a catastrophe is imminent, and the plane must be landed ASAP for inspection.

As described above, the power source chosen for the intelligent patch is shown as element 344 in FIG. 8. As described above, there are many alternatives.

In one embodiment, electrical current 330 is DC current. In another embodiment, electrical current 330 is AC current. In yet another embodiment, electrical current 330 may have any waveform in time desired. These different waveforms, and how they are measured are described in detail in U.S. Ser. No. 13/966,172 (Composite-2), that is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

For the purposes of making the intelligent patch herein described, other selected embodiments of the invention incorporate the relevant different types of physical measurements defined in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/270,709, filed Jul. 9, 2010, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, such physical measurements include acoustic transmitters and receivers, ultrasonic transmitters and receivers, phased array ultrasonics, thermosonics, air coupled ultrasonics, acoustic resonance techniques, x-ray techniques, radiography, thermal wave imaging, thermography and shearography. These cited physical measurements, and selected additional physical measurements described in the References incorporated into this document, may be used to make the basic sensors of a real time electronics system measurement means fabricated within an intelligent patch of the fuselage of an aircraft made of fiber-reinforced composite materials to detect the onset of compression induced micro-fracturing of said fiber-reinforced composite materials to prevent the catastrophic failure of said portion of said aircraft. These cited physical measurements, and selected additional physical measurements described in the References incorporated into this document, may be used to make the basic sensors of a real time electronics system measurement means fabricated within an intelligent patch of the fuselage of an aircraft made of any type of material to prevent the catastrophic failure of said portion of said aircraft. Several additional physical measurements described in the References in this document include a variety of different optical measurements, including fiber-optic measurements, that are used to make a number of different types of fiber-optic sensors. Any number of sensors, using different physical measurement processes, may be fabricated within a particular intelligent patch. The sensors may be distributed within any portion of the three dimensional intelligent patch—in its interior, or on its surface, or any combination thereof.

As an example of the above paragraph, one preferred embodiment of the invention is comprised of an intelligent patch having two types of sensors: (a) sensors based upon measurement of the electrical resistance between electrodes disposed in an M×N array as previously described; and (b) ultrasonic transmitters and receivers distributed within a G×H array (G and H integers) which in some embodiments, may be chosen to provide phased array ultrasonic information. One embodiment of this may be called the resistance-ultrasonic embodiment.

In this resistance-ultrasonic embodiment, the electrical resistance measurements provide high resolution indications of the presence or absence of microcracks forming in real time. The ultrasonic information provides information with a resolution of approximately the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves produced by the ultrasonic transmitters. In the event that the ultrasonic transmitters and receivers are arranged in a phased-array, then yet additional information may be obtained in real time.

In one such resistance-ultrasonic embodiment, the electrical resistance measurements and the ultrasonics measurements are used to provide a real time data image that will detect the onset of any microcracks forming in real time, will determine whether or not the microcracks have begun the “swarming” process, will monitor the “swarming” process in real time, and will monitor the evolution of larger structural defects within the fuselage and or the intelligent patch.

In relation to FIG. 8, the following numerals followed with A are not shown, but are modified so as to function with the resistance-ultrasonic embodiment. Measurement and processing means 338A may provide any type of electrical processing (such as phase sensitive detection), filtering, computation, storage, manipulation, or any other necessary function to provide information from any electrode, or pairs of electrodes, or any other combination of electrodes as desired.

In this preferred resistance-ultrasonic embodiment, processing means 338A is designed to provide the processed information. In turn, that processed information is sent by data transmitter device 340A to a remote data receiver 342A. In one embodiment described above, cell phone technology is implemented for the data transmitter device 340A and the remote data receiver 342A. In one embodiment, the data receiver receives the ID for the intelligent patch and a code indicating that human inspection is needed as described above. Several different codes could be transmitted as needed, each providing different messages, including one indicating that a catastrophe is imminent, and the plane must be landed ASAP for inspection.

Differential measurements to measure resistance using Electrodes C, D and E illustrate an important point in FIG. 5 of Composite-2. Electrode A causes current to flow into the composite under test. The voltage difference between C and D is measured (V1) and the voltage difference between D and E is also measured (V2). Then the difference between these two is taken yielding V3. The measurement of V3 is an example of the measurement of a “differential experimental quantity”. By virtue of its construction, it provides information about the vicinity of the material near electrodes C, D, and E (but not A and B), and such measurements are intrinsically immune from external “common mode noise signals” such as an AC magnetic field at 60 Hz.

Any of the above mentioned physical measurements may be measured as a “differential experiential quantity”. For example, suppose acoustic source a is located within the test composite material. Then, acoustic sensors c, d, and e are disposed within the material. No figure is shown, but the logic here is in close analogy with FIG. 5. The acoustic sensors provide voltages in time related to the acoustic waves passing by each sensor. Then, the voltage difference v1 can be taken between c and d, and the voltage different v2 can be taken between D and E. Then, the voltage difference between v2 and v1 may be taken producing v3 that is a differential measurement of the acoustic properties in the vicinity of sensors c, d and e. Often the literature suggests that the sensors c, d, and e should be physically separated by a wavelength of the acoustic energy (or more). This is true if a “far field” simple interpretation of the data is desired. But that is not necessary. If the distance of separation of the acoustic sensors is smaller than the acoustic wavelength, differential information will still be obtained regarding the local detailed structure and changes in the local detailed structure of the material in the vicinity of sensors c, d, e. In the case at hand, this is often the preferred information indicating an advance indication of material failure. By analogy, any of the previously defined physical measurements may be measured on material in the form of a “differential experimental quantity” that provides the basis for many preferred embodiments of the invention.

In another embodiment, an intelligent patch to cover a specific damaged area of the fuselage of an airplane to repair the damaged area is made from a synthetic fiber comprising an optic-fiber component. The fiber-optic component may be located outside of an inner carbon fiber core, or a woven carbon fiber layer may surround the fiber-optic component. In either case, the transparent component is adapted to carry an optical signal and the carbon fiber material to provide strength. Together the components make a synthetic fiber that is used to make a fiber-reinforced composite material, which resulting composite material is used as an element of a fiber-optic system to measure, monitor, and determine the condition of the fiber reinforced material. In one scenario, the synthetic fiber may be made by placing a carbon fiber filament in a bath of epoxy to form a transparent layer over the carbon fiber filament. The temperature, viscosity and rate or time at which the filament is in the bath is relevant to the characteristics of the transparent layer.

In another embodiment, an intelligent patch to cover a specific damaged area of the fuselage of an airplane to repair said specific damaged area is made from a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer material comprising a carbon fiber filament with an electrically conducting outer material surrounding an inner carbon fiber material. Optionally, an insulating layer may be added over the electrically conducting material. The resulting fiber-reinforced composite material is also used as an element of an electronic sensor system to measure, monitor, and determine the condition of the fiber reinforced material. Alternatively, a woven carbon fiber layer may be positioned around the conducting material.

In a further embodiment, an intelligent patch to cover a specific damaged area of the fuselage of an airplane to repair said specific damaged area is made from a material having a distribution of pre-determined different densities of carbon fiber materials. More specifically, more dense carbon fiber materials conduct electricity better than less dense carbon fiber materials. In addition, conductive paths forming waveguides for trapped acoustic waves may be formed in a material with variable density carbon fiber materials. The resulting material may be used as an element of an acoustic sensor system to measure, monitor, and determine the condition of the new type of fiber-reinforced material.

Groundloop Currents

The above states in part: “Differential measurements to measure resistance using Electrodes C, D, and E illustrate an important point in FIG. 5 of Composite-2.” The above further states in relation to these measurements: “By virtue of its construction, it provides information about the vicinity of the material near electrodes C, D, and E (but not A and B), and such measurements are intrinsically immune from external “common mode noise signal” such as an AC magnetic field at 60 Hz.” Nevertheless, although immune from “common mode noise signals,” such differential measurements are not necessarily immune from the adverse effects produced by the existence of Groundloop currents. Nor are the measurements provided by the measurement and processing means 338 in FIG. 8 herein necessarily immune from adverse effects produced by the existence of Groundloops.

Groundloops are unintended electrical currents flowing through one or more electrical conductors and/or electrical devices comprising an electrical system. Such Groundloop currents may generate significant voltage drops in resistive electrical conductors and can apply spurious voltages to the electrical devices. Such voltage drops and spurious voltages can result in serious system instability and can cause the catastrophic failure of an electrical system (such as that in a 787). The phrase “Groundloop currents” is in fact redundant, but is often used. Many authors also call Groundloops instead “Ground loops”. Either form is acceptable and may be found in the literature. Put simply, Groundloop currents flow in Groundloop networks of an electrical system that generate unintended interfering electrical signals that are notoriously difficult to diagnose.

Groundloops are insidious problems that few experts ever encounter (or fully realize that they have encountered). Groundloops occur in distributed wiring systems having a mix of power and measurement functions. One common feature of the existence of Groundloops is that they appear to do “random things” in complex system. For example, in electrical configuration 1, an electrical engineer observes “A”; in electrical configuration 2, the electrical engineer observes “B”; and in electrical configuration 3, the electrical engineer observes “C”; etc. When the engineer makes changes in the measurement system, he sees things change, but they do not appear to make sense based upon circuit diagrams and standard circuit analysis. However, in any one single configuration, the measurement data is consistent. If you ask the electrical engineer what he “sees”, and he tells you what he “sees” is one random thing after another in a large distributed electronics system, it is likely that Groundloops are at the root cause. It is worth mentioning that takes a lot of confidence for an electrical engineer to report symptoms like these to management personnel. The electrical engineer must have great confidence in his own abilities to report something like this. For fear of losing their job, or for fear of appearing ignorant, many electrical engineers are “afraid” to report data that appears to make no sense—which further masks Groundloop problems form managerial decision makers.

Generally, Groundloop currents flowing in disturbed networks give rise to erroneous voltage readings from sensors residing in such networks—but in many cases, these erroneous voltage readings are negligible for a given practical situation.

In general, the presence of Groundloop currents are not wanted, are generally unanticipated and unknown to the operator of typical distributed electronics systems, and flow in unidentified paths through distributed wiring networks within the distributed electronic systems.

Not having real Earth Grounds in a distributed networks give additional problems. A real Earth Ground provides a source or sink of electrical current to maintain zero relative potential. However, an aircraft substantially made of fiber-reinforced composite materials such as a 787 cannot provide such a real Earth Ground, but can only provide a Chassis Ground. A Chassis Ground is simply a reference point defined on an electrical chassis or electrical conductor that is called “Ground” on a circuit diagram—really meaning Chassis Ground based on definitions used in precise electronics references. See the Second Letter to the FAA for an extended discussion about these two types of Grounds. That Second Letter to the FAA appears in Attachment 3 to PPA-104. An entire copy of that Second Letter to the FAA as further defined below is incorporated herein by reference. PPA-104 is also incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

Groundloops may not have appeared to cause problems in previous aluminum aircraft. For example, the aluminum skin on a 747 provides a pretty good “safety ground,” and any unintended Groundloop currents from the on-board electronics may have previously flowed through that aluminum skin and may not have caused any significant problems. However, if that same on-board electronics were instead hypothetically placed into a 787, the relatively high resistance to current flow of fiber-reinforced composite materials compared to aluminum materials will cause any such Groundloops to seek out the internal wiring on the 787 for current flow. Such Groundloop currents flowing through the internal wiring of the 787 could cause erroneous readings, the failures of the battery monitoring and charging circuitry, and erroneous readings from other electronic components.

Typical aircraft wiring is discussed in the book entitled “Aircraft Electrical and Electronic Systems, Principles, Maintenance and Operations” by Mike Tooley and David Wyatt, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, London, 2011 (hereinafter Tooley and Wyatt, 2011), an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The literature on this subject is sparse, and somewhat confusing. Wikipedia has a good series of electronic diagrams in the article under “Ground loop (electricity).” Attachment 2 to PPA-107 has a copy of this article and these electronic diagrams are enlarged so that they can be clearly understood. An entire copy of PPA-107 is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. There are many types of “Ground loops” as defined by Wikipedia. However, the specific types of Groundloop currents subject to this invention disclosure is precisely defined herein and hence the term Groundloop current is used for the purposes herein.

For example, page 342 of Tooley and Wyatt defines a different type of “ground loop.”

Different types of grounding arrangements in typical aircraft are shown on page 362 in Tooley and Wyatt on page 362 in FIG. 20.15 entitled “Earth/ground loops” (a) common return paths, (b) separate return paths. Here again, the phrase “ground loops” is used differently as is used herein.

Page 362 in Tooley and Wyatt states the following two paragraphs:

“Certain circuits must be isolated from each other, e.g. AC neutral and DC earth-returns must not be on the same termination; this could lead to current flow from the AC neutral through the DC system. Relay and lamp returns should not be on the same termination; if the relay earth connection has high resistance, currents could find a path through the low resistance of the filament lamp when cold.”

Tooley and Wyatt go on to further state on page 362:

“For aircraft that have non-metallic composite structure, an alternative means of providing the return path must be made. This can be in the form of copper strips running the length of the fuselage or a wire mesh formed into the composite material. The principles of earth return remains the same as with bonding; the method of achieving it will vary.”

The 787 possesses a fiber-reinforced composite fuselage. The comments by Tooley and Wyatt in the previous paragraph show the importance of this invention.

The invention herein is particularly useful for solving electrical Groundloop problems in aircraft having fiber-reinforced composite structures—such as the Boeing 787.

Many of the structures within the 787 are described in detail in the document entitled “Boeing 787-8 Design, Certification, and Manufacturing Systems Review” by the “Boeing 787-8 Critical Systems Review Team” dated Mar. 19, 2014, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. That document appears in its entirety within Attachment 5 to PPA-106. An entire copy of PPA-106 is also incorporated herein by reference.

The FAA and the NTSB have documented many problems with the electrical system of the 787 as defined in various documents defined in the following.

The NTSB is the abbreviation for the National Transportation Safety Board of the U.S. Office of Aviation Safety.

The FAA is the abbreviation for the Federal Aviation Administration.

The NTSB released the document entitled “Interim Factual Report,” dated Mar. 17, 2013, for NTSB Case Number DCA 13IA037, which is dated Jan. 7, 2013, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. An actual entire copy of this document appears in Attachment 9 to PPA-107. An entire copy of PPA-107 is also incorporated herein by reference. The NTSB Press Release accompanying this document is entitled “NTSB releases interim factual report on JAL 787 battery fire investigation and announces forum and investigative hearing”. An entire copy of that Press Release is also presented in PPA-107 and is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

The NTSB released the document entitled “Safety Recommendation,” dated May 22, 2014, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. An entire copy of this document appears in Attachment 2 to PPA-106. An entire copy of PPA-106 is incorporated herein by reference. The accompany ting NTSB Press Release is entitled “NTSB Issues Recommendations on Certification of Lithium-Ion Batteries and Emerging Technologies,” also dated May 22, 2014, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The NTSB released the document entitled “Auxiliary Power Unit Battery Fire Japan Airlines Boeing 787-8, JA829J, Boston, Mass., Jan. 7, 2013” that was “Adopted Nov. 21, 2014”, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. An entire copy of this document appears in Attachment 10 to PPA-107. An entire copy of PPA-107 is incorporated herein by reference. Some call this document “Adopted Nov. 21, 2014” the “final report” on this matter.

In response to the events described in the above enumerated NTSB documents, the inventors, through legal counsel, Mr. Todd Blakely, sent two letters to the FAA and five letters to the NTSB before the “final report” as defined in the previous paragraph was “Adopted on Nov. 21, 2014”. These are respectively called the First and Second Letters to the FAA, and the First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Letters to the NTSB.

The First Letter to the FAA is the Mar. 6, 2013 letter to Mr. Robert Duffer from Mr. Todd Blakely that is entitled in part: “Boeing 787,” an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. An entire copy of this First Letter to the FAA appears in Attachment 2 to PPA-104. An entire copy of PPA-104 is also incorporated herein by reference.

The Second Letter to the FAA is the Mar. 19, 2013 letter to Mr. Robert Duffer from Mr. Todd Blakely that is entitled in part: “Boeing 787,” an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. An entire copy of this Second Letter to the FAA appears in Attachment 3 to PPA-104. An entire copy of PPA-104 is also incorporated herein by reference.

The First Letter to the NTSB is the Mar. 26, 2013 letter to Mr. David Tochen that is entitled in part “Boeing 787 Dreamliner—Root Cause,” an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. An entire copy of this First Letter to the NTSB appears in Attachment 4 to PPA-104. An entire copy of PPA-104 is also incorporated herein by reference.

The Second Letter to the NTSB is the Jun. 26, 2013 letter to Mr. David Tochen that is entitled in part “Boeing 787 Dreamliner—Root Cause,” an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. An entire copy of this Second Letter to the NTSB appears in Attachment 5 to PPA-104. An entire copy of PPA-104 is also incorporated herein by reference.

The Third Letter to the NTSB is the Sep. 17, 2014 letter to Mr. David Tochen that is entitled in part “Boeing 787 Dreamliner,” an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. An entire copy of this Third Letter to the NTSB appears in Attachment 1 to PPA-107. An entire copy of PPA-107 is also incorporated herein by reference. An earlier draft of this letter dated Aug. 28, 2014 appears in Attachment 1 to PPA-106, and that draft letter is incorporated herein its entirety by reference. An entire copy of PPA-106 is also incorporated herein by reference.

The Fourth Letter to the NTSB is the Nov. 10, 2014 letter to Mr. David Tochen that is entitled in part “Boeing 787 Dreamliner,” an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. An entire copy of this Fourth Letter to the NTSB appears in Attachment 7 to PPA-107. An entire copy of PPA-107 is also incorporated herein by reference.

The Fifth Letter to the NTSB is the Nov. 18, 2014 letter to Mr. David Tochen that is entitled in part “Boeing 787 Dreamliner,” an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. An entire copy of this Fifth Letter to the NTSB appears in Attachment 8 to PPA-107. An entire copy of PPA-107 is also incorporated herein by reference.

One of the inventors, Dr. Vail, and his counsel, Mr. Todd Blakely, had a lengthy teleconference call with Mr. David Tochen of the NTSB and selected technical experts at the NTSB on the date of Nov. 4, 2015, which teleconference call is discussed in the above defined Fourth Letter to the NTSB.

A preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 9 shows a convenient way to rapidly and conveniently diagnose Groundloop Problems in electronic circuitry within a 787 in particular.

FIG. 9 shows the Main Battery A with positive terminal A+ and negative terminal A− that is further identified with numeral 612. The corresponding legends MAIN BATTERY (A), A+, and A−1 are shown in FIG. 9. Negative terminal A− may also be called equivalently the minus terminal A− or may also be called equivalently the negative terminal of the Main Battery. The positive terminal A+ may also be called equivalently the positive terminal of the Main Battery.

FIG. 9 shows the APU Battery B with positive terminal B+ and negative terminal B− that is further identified with numeral 614. The corresponding legends APU BATTERY (B), B+, and B− are shown in FIG. 9. Here, the term APU stands for “Auxiliary Power Unit”. Negative terminal B− may also be called equivalently the minus terminal B− or may also be called equivalently the negative terminal of the APU Battery. The positive terminal B+ may also be called equivalently the positive terminal of the APU Battery.

The positive terminal A+ of the Main Battery A is connected to System A1, System A2, System A3, System A4, and System AJ. This is designated on FIG. 9 as the “A System” and “AS1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . . J” that is further identified with numeral 616. The corresponding legends A SYSTEM, and AS1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . . J are shown in FIG. 9.

These “A Systems” primarily receive their electrical power from the Main Battery A (and from other associated power generation systems).

The positive terminal B+ of the APU Battery is connected to System B1, System B2, System B3, System B4, and System BK. This is designated on FIG. 9 as the “B System” and “BS1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . . K” that is further identified with numeral 618. The corresponding legends B SYSTEM and “BS1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . . K” are shown in FIG. 9. These “B Systems” primarily receive their electrical power from the APU Battery B (and from other associated power generation systems).

In other preferred embodiments, certain particular electrical systems can receive power from both the Main Battery and the APU Battery. In yet other preferred embodiments, additional batteries beyond the Main Battery and the APU Battery may be employed in the 787, and the invention herein also pertains to those configurations.

Groundloops may exist between any A System and any B System. Individual Groundloop electrical connections may exist between one or more of AS1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . . J and any one or more of BS1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . . K. This possibility is by the legend shown on FIG. 9 as: “GL: BS1, 2, 3, 4, . . . K to AS1, 2, 3, 4, . . . J”. Here the acronym “GL” stands for Groundloop. Element 620 on FIG. 9 is defined by the legends “GROUNDLOOPS” and GL: BS1, 2, 3, 4, . . . K to AS1, 2, 3, 4, . . . J″ that may be called hereinafter “Groundloops 620” for simplicity.

These Groundloops 620 may exist in the particular electronics system as installed into a particular 787 aircraft. It is possible that Groundloops may be different in one 787 than in another 787, and hence the need for a simple and rapid detection means for many different types of Groundloops that may be present in any one particular 787.

In FIG. 9, as a further example, numeral 622 stands for a particular Groundloop, namely BSK to ASJ. In many preferred embodiments, the word “Groundloop” is a current and can be equivalently replaced with the phase “Groundloop current.” The current flowing through this particular Groundloop may be further identified as follows: I BSK to ASJ, that is also identified as numeral 622 on FIG. 9.

In general, Groundloop currents may flow through a Groundloop circuit. In FIG. 9, Groundloop current 622 flows through Groundloop circuit 623. In FIG. 9, Groundloop current 622 flowing through Groundloop circuit 623 generates voltage 625 at the particular location shown with respect to Battery Terminal B− (or alternatively, with respect to Battery Terminal A−).

FIG. 9 shows element 624 labeled with the following legend: “M:B−& A−”. Here, “M” means Monitoring the waveform vs. time of the voltage and current between the terminals B− to A− which in one embodiment, is used to determine a CHANGE in the Groundloop pattern of the electronics circuitry within the 787. This optional measurement and monitoring system 624 may be optionally included in a preferred embodiment of the invention as shown in FIG. 9. This optional embodiment is identified by the legend OPTIONAL in FIG. 9. When element 624 is included as an optional embodiment, insulated wire 629 connects one portion of the optional measurement and monitoring system 624 to the A− terminal of Main Battery A as shown, and the portions of the electronics systems that were previously connected to that A− terminal are instead connected to terminal 631 of the optional measurement and monitoring system 624. The optional measurement and monitoring system may be used to measure any electrical parameter including any Groundloop currents flowing through it, and the time dependent waveform of any such Groundloop currents. In other preferred embodiments, the measurement means to Monitor the waveform itself may be omitted and other means may be used as described in the following.

Battery terminal B− is connected to Battery B Terminal Lug that is numeral 626, which numeral 626 is identified by the legend BATTERY B TERMINAL LUG, that is connected to insulated copper wire 627 that in one embodiment is attached to the following: Copper Terminal Lug B 628 that is held in place by Copper Ground Clamp B 630 which in turn is electrically attached to the braided copper wire 631 within a heavy gauge insulated Welding Cable 632 that comprises an assembly labeled with numeral 634 in this preferred embodiment. Numerals 628, 630 and 631 are not explicitly shown on FIG. 9. These numerals 628, 630, and 631 are shown on the marked-up Photo #1 entitled “Assembly 634” in PPA-105. Detailed specifications for various components in one preferred embodiment including for numerals 627, 628, 630, 631 and 632 are provided in PPA-105.

FIG. 9 shows the aisle of a 787 identified with numeral 636 that is also labeled by the legend AISLE OF 787. Heavy gauge electrically insulated welding cable 632 is labeled by the legend LARGE COPPER WELDING CABLE in FIG. 9. In one preferred embodiment, the heavy gauge electrically insulated welding cable 632 is disposed within the aisle of the 787 as shown in FIG. 9.

The heavy gauge insulated Welding Cable 632 possesses braided copper wire 631 that is in turn connected to the right-hand side of FIG. 9 to the following in sequence of elements as follows: Copper Ground Clamp A 638 holding Copper Terminal Lug A 640 that collectively comprises an assembly labeled with numeral 650; which assembly 650 is in turn is attached to insulated copper wire 642 that is connected to the Switch 644 that is in turn connected to insulated copper wire 645 that is in turn connected to measurement system 656 (in one embodiment that is further discussed below) which in turn is connected to insulated copper wire 646 that is attached to Battery A Terminal Lug 648. Switch 644 is labeled with the legend SWITCH in FIG. 9. These numerals 631, 632, 638, 640, and 642 are shown on the marked-up Photo #2 entitled “Assembly 650” in PPA-105. Also see Photos #3 and #4 and #5 in PPA-105 which are self-explanatory. Assembly 634 and Assembly 650 are functionally identical and are shown on the respective marked-up photographs. Detailed specifications for various components in one preferred embodiment including for numerals 631, 632, 638, 640, and 642 are provided in PPA-105.

Assembly 634 may be conveniently placed on top of an electrically insulated plastic board 643, which numeral is not shown in FIG. 9 for the purposes of simplicity. Similarly, Assembly 650 may be conveniently placed on top of an electrically insulated plastic board 643, which numeral is not shown in FIG. 9 for the purposes of simplicity.

The Switch 644 is normally in the open position. In this condition, the entire electronics system in a particular 787 should work as designed and installed.

Detecting many varieties of Groundloops proceeds as described in the following.

If NO Groundloops exist between the A Systems and the B Systems, and if the Switch is CLOSED, then ideally nothing should happen.

In one embodiment, the entire electrical system of the aircraft is monitored in part by the Cockpit Display shown as numeral 652. As shown, the Cockpit Display 652 is connected to wire bundle 651 that connects to the B System as shown and to the A System that is not shown for the purposes of simplicity in FIG. 9. So, if the Switch is CLOSED, and if there are NO substantial unintended Groundloops, then the Cockpit Display should not show any operationally negative changes. In one preferred embodiment, the entire electrical system is conveniently checked for malfunctioning components. In fact, after the manufacture of a 787, this functionality test of the entire system could be one of the early go/no-go tests performed on the aircraft. Put another way, the functional stability test could be one necessary requirement for acceptance of the operability of the aircraft.

Put another way, the Cockpit Display shows the outputs from many sensors and controls. For example, consider the output from a particular oil pressure sensor in a particular portion of an engine. Its output is displayed on the Cockpit Display. If substantial unintended Groundloops affect the measurement from that particular oil pressure sensor, then upon closing the Switch 644, a change in the output readings from that pressure sensor should occur.

If substantial Groundloops exist in the particular 787, then upon CLOSING the switch, the flowing current patterns called “Groundloops” marked on FIG. 9 further identified by the legends “GL: BS1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . . K to AS1, 2, 3, 4, . . . J”, will be affected by the very low resistance heavy gauge insulated Welding Cable 632.

If substantial unknown Groundloop currents 620 are flowing, then upon closing the switch a significant portion (621 not shown on FIG. 9) of these unknown Groundloops currents will instead flow through the very low resistance heavy gauge insulated Welding Cable 632.

With Switch 644 closed, unintended Groundloop currents would then tend to flow through the very low resistance heavy gauge Welding Cable and not through the generally higher circuitry associated with the “Groundloops” further identified by the legend “GL: BS1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . . K to AS1, 2, 3, 4, . . . J”. Upon closing Switch 644, therefore it is likely that the Cockpit Display would show an operationally negative change if substantial unintended Groundloop currents 620 are flowing in the 787.

One advantage of the functionality test as described above is that it is able to detect the influence of unknown Groundloop currents flowing through undetected Groundloop circuits. In the event that the functionality test shows that erroneous or inaccurate results are produced by the sensor as displayed in the Cockpit Display, then remediation is necessary as described elsewhere in this document. Furthermore, if erroneous or inaccurate results are obtained, and because those erroneous or inaccurate results are obtained because of unknown Groundloop currents are flowing in unidentified Groundloop circuits, this information implies that the then existing electrical grounding system in the 787 is unstable and subject to catastrophic electrical failures. The Groundloop currents and the Groundloop circuits may change during flight because of electrical wiring failures, and if such Groundloop currents flowing through unidentified Groundloop circuits cause erroneous or inaccurate readings on the Cockpit Display, then the grounding system of 787 is NOT stable, and may present the possibility of a catastrophic electrical failure. Hence the Title of the invention: “Stable Grounding System to Avoid Catastrophic Electrical Failures in Composite Aircraft Such as the 787”.

The replacement of electronic components during routine maintenance can also change the way the Groundloop currents flow through the Groundloop circuits. Therefore, even though a particular sensor might have provided accurate readings on the Cockpit Display before the maintenance, that would not necessarily mean that it would thereafter work to the sufficiently required accuracy.

Of course, the issue arises as to what is meant by “erroneous or inaccurate results” under the described functionality stability test. The Cockpit Display displays the result of a measurement performed by a particular sensor. If the information displayed is sufficient to accurately operate the aircraft before during and after the functional stability test, then it could be argued that the data is sufficiently accurate. So, for example, if effects are observed at the level of 1 part per million, and the intrinsic accuracy in the sensor to safely fly the airplane is only 1%, then the sensor and its Cockpit Display would pass the functional stability test. However, if errors of 10% are instead observed, then the particular sensor and its Cockpit Display would not pass the functional stability test.

The basic logic presented in the previous three paragraphs also applies to many other preferred embodiments to be described in the following.

Therefore, it is likely that any Monitoring System such as that described by the legend “M:B−& A−” would also show a substantial change upon closing the Switch 644 if substantial unintended Groundloop currents 620 are flowing in the 787.

FIG. 9 also shows generator 654 being controlled by at least one element of the B System. The B System provides information over wire bundle 653 to the generator 654. Generator 654 is used to charge the Battery B through power cable 655.

In FIG. 9, the very low resistance heavy gauge Welding Cable is disposed within the aisle 636 of a particular 787 for testing purposes. The aircraft may be tested when all systems are off, or when any portion of those systems are on. When all systems are on, then the testing may proceed with the aircraft on the ground or during flight.

In view of the above disclosure, there are many variations of methods to diagnose or determine the presence or absence of unintended Groundloop problems in a substantially composite aircraft.

In view of the above disclosure, there are many variations of apparatus used to diagnose or determine the presence or absence of unintended Groundloop problems in a substantially composite aircraft.

For example, the Large Copper Welding Cable 632 is just one example of a highly conductive element intended to shunt Groundloop Currents along a different path to determine the presence or absence of substantial unintended Groundloops.

While the preferred embodiment utilizes Assemblies 634 and 650, any mechanical means to attach the braided copper wire 631 within the heavy gauge insulated Welding Cable 632 to the appropriate negative battery terminal may be used.

In the preferred embodiment described, the Cockpit Display may be used as the electronic sensor system. However, any other suitable sensor system means within the 787 may be used for this purpose. The information gathered can be used inside the plane or may be sent to another remote monitoring system.

In one embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 9, the measurement system 656 further identified by the legend M:WC is used to measure the current flowing through the Welding Cable. Here, “WC” stands for Welding Cable. In another embodiment shown in FIG. 9, M:WC is used to measure the frequency spectrum of the current flowing through the Welding Cable. As an example of experimental procedure, such measurements may be performed with the Switch 644 closed, and then open. In any event, the measurement system in element 656 can be used to measure any electrical quantity at the location shown in FIG. 9, including any currents flowing through it and the time dependence of any currents flowing through it.

As another illustration of the invention, consider the intelligent patch 328 in FIG. 8. The voltage from any electrodes E(m, n) are provided by measurement and processing means 338. One embodiment is as follows:

A method to determine any unanticipated influence on at least one output of measurement and processing means 338 due to any unknown Groundloop currents flowing through unknown Groundloop circuits within a fuselage of a 787 comprising at least the following steps:

Step 1: Continuously monitor a particular output of measurement and processing means 338.

Step 2: Close the Switch 622 in FIG. 9 that connects the negative terminal of the APU Battery to the negative terminal of the Main Battery.

Step 3: Determine if any change occurs to the particular output of measurement processing means 338.

If no substantial change occurs, then the particular output of the measurement and processing means 338 is relatively immune to unknown Groundloop currents flowing through unknown Groundloop circuits within the fuselage of a 787.

If instead, a substantial change occurs, then the particular output of the measurement and processing means 338 is relatively affected by unknown Groundloop currents flowing through unknown Groundloop circuits within the fuselage of a 787.

In the case when substantial change occurs, remediation steps need to be taken. Such steps are extensively discussed in PPA-101 through PPA-107. These steps include electrical isolation techniques, optical isolation techniques, and other techniques that electronically isolate the measurement and processing means 338 from unknown Groundloop currents flowing through unknown Groundloop circuits within the fuselage of a 787. These remediation steps can be done one at a time, and after each one, the measurement repeated as described above. This iterative procedure will eventually eliminate the influence of unknown Groundloop currents flowing through unknown Groundloop circuits within the fuselage of a 787.

The Groundloop currents flowing through unknown Groundloop circuits within a fuselage of a 787 may change in time. If the Groundloop currents change in time, then even if a particular electronics system worked normally at one time, it may not work later on—thereby possibly resulting in a catastrophic electrical failure.

The methods and apparatus described herein are meant to provide a stable grounding system to avoid catastrophic electrical failures in composite aircraft such as the 787. Hence the Title of this patent application that is “Stable Grounding System to Avoid Catastrophic Electrical Failures in Composite Aircraft Such as the 787”.

FIG. 9 and the above disclosure shows a method to test the functional stability of data acquired from at least one particular sensor within a selected Boeing paths of any Groundloop currents flowing in a distributed wiring system within the fuselage of the 787, wherein the fuselage is substantially made of fiber-reinforced composite materials, comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) first, observe first data acquired from said particular         sensor that is displayed on the cockpit display;     -   (b) second, electrically connect a low resistance insulated         copper welding cable to the negative terminal of the Main         Battery of the 787 and to the negative terminal of the APU         Battery of the 787;     -   (c) third, observe second data acquired from said particular         sensor; and     -   (d) fourth, determine any change between said first and second         data.

Such a method shown in FIG. 9 and discussed above, is useful wherein the particular sensor is used to monitor an oil pressure sensor in one engine of said 787; wherein said particular sensor is temperature a sensor located in a fuel tank of said 787; wherein the particular sensor monitors fuel flow from a fuel tank of said 787; and wherein the particular sensor monitors the fuel pressure within a fuel tank of said 787. Many of the structures within the 787 are described in detail in the document entitled “Boeing 787-8 Design, Certification, and Manufacturing Systems Review” by the “Boeing 787-8 Critical Systems Review Team” dated Mar. 19, 2014, previously incorporated herein in its entirety by reference as previously discussed.

Further, FIG. 9 and the above disclosure shows that such a method is useful wherein the particular sensor monitors the voltage output of at least one cell within a lithium-ion battery on said 787 that comprises a portion of the Main Battery; wherein the particular sensor monitors the voltage output of at least one cell within a lithium-ion battery on said 787 that comprises a portion of the APU Battery; wherein the particular sensor monitors the temperature of at least one cell within a lithium-ion battery on said 787 that comprises a portion of the Main Battery; wherein the particular sensor monitors the temperature of at least one cell within a lithium-ion battery on said 787 that comprises a portion of the APU Battery; wherein the particular sensor monitors the pressure in at least one cell within a lithium-ion battery on said 787 that comprises a portion of the Main Battery; and wherein the particular sensor monitors the pressure of at least one cell within a lithium-ion battery on said 787 that comprises a portion of the APU Battery. These topics are discussed at length in PPA-101, -102, -103, -104, -105, -106 and -107, entire copies of which were previously incorporated herein by reference. These topics are also discussed at length in the First Letter to the FAA, and in the Second Letter to the FAA, entire copies of which were previously incorporated herein by reference. These topics are also discussed at length in the First Letter to the NTSB, in the Second Letter to the NTSB, in the Third Letter to the NTSB, in the Fourth Letter to the NTSB, and in the Fifth Letter to the NTSB, entire copies of which were previously incorporated herein by reference.

Yet further, FIG. 9 and the above disclosure shows that such a method is useful wherein the particular sensor monitors the charge state in coulombs of at least one cell within a lithium-ion battery on said 787 that comprises a portion of the Main Battery; and wherein the particular sensor monitors the charge state in coulombs of at least one cell within a lithium-ion battery on said 787 that comprises a portion of the APU Battery. As shown in Attachment 2 of PPA-102, Linear Technology makes LTC2942 that is an integrated circuit called “Battery Gas Gauge with Temperature, Voltage Measurement” that contains a “precision coulomb counter” as described in the “Description” of that device on the page 44 of PPA-102 (the page number submitted by the inventor not the page number on the File & Wrapper now in the USPTO).

Yet further, FIG. 9 and the above disclosure shows that such a method is useful wherein said particular sensor monitors the Battery Charger Unit for the Main Battery of said 787; wherein the particular sensor monitors the Battery Charger Unit for the APU Battery of the 787; wherein the particular sensor monitors the Battery Monitoring Unit for the Main Battery of the 787; wherein the particular sensor monitors the Battery Monitoring Unit for the APU Battery of said 787; wherein the particular sensor monitors the Main Power Unit Controller for the Main Battery of the 787; wherein the particular sensor monitors the Auxiliary Power Unit Controller for the APU Battery of the 787; and wherein the particular sensor monitors at least one flight recorder of the 787. These terms, and analogous terms, are discussed in document entitled “Interim Factual Report” from the NTSB dated Mar. 7, 2013, an entire copy of which was previously incorporated herein by reference. An actual entire copy of this document appears in Attachment 9 to PPA-107, and an entire copy of PPA-107 has been previously incorporated herein by reference.

And finally with respect to FIG. 9 and the above disclosure shows that such a method is useful wherein the low resistance insulated copper welding cable is #4/0 Gauge Stranded Copper Welding Cable having a resistance approximately 0.055 ohms per thousand feet; and wherein the low resistance insulated copper welding cable is #1/0 Gauge Stranded Copper Welding Cable having a resistance of approximately 0.110 ohms per thousand feet. These topics are discussed on page 10 of the Fifth Letter to the NTSB, an entire copy of which has previously been incorporated herein by reference. A copy of the Fifth Letter to the NTSB appears in Attachment 8 to PPA-107. An entire copy of PPA-107 has also been previously incorporated herein by reference.

The above describes a method to test the functional stability of a system having a sensor that monitors certain physical parameters. In different embodiments, relevant descriptive terms for the term “to monitor” include “to measure”, “to detect”, “to observe”, and “to determine”.

In addition, FIG. 9 and the above disclosure shows a method to determine any unanticipated influence on at least one particular output of a measurement and processing means of an intelligent patch of a hole in the fuselage of a 787 due to any unknown Groundloop currents flowing through unidentified Groundloop circuits within the remaining portion of the fuselage of the 787, wherein said fuselage is substantially made of fiber-reinforced composite materials, comprising at least the following steps:

-   -   (a) continuously monitor said particular output of said         measurement and processing means;     -   (b) connect the negative terminal of the APU Battery to the         negative terminal of the Main Battery; and     -   (c) determine any resulting change to the particular output of         the measurement processing means.

In addition, FIG. 9 and the above disclosure shows a method to test a majority of the operational electrical systems for possible Groundloop problems in a 787, wherein said fuselage is substantially made of fiber-reinforced composite materials, comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) first, determine that all systems are properly functioning         and meet specific operational specifications;     -   (b) second, electrically connect a low resistance insulated         copper welding cable to the negative terminal of the Main         Battery of the 787 and to the negative terminal of the APU         Battery of the 787 to determine if said systems remain properly         functioning and continue to meet specific operational         specifications.

FIG. 9 also shows a method to determine the presence of unknown Groundloop currents flowing through unidentified circuit pathways within the wiring system distributed within a portion the fuselage of a particular Boeing 787 comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) electrically connect a low resistance insulated copper         welding cable to the negative terminal of the Main Battery of         the 787 and to the negative terminal of the APU Battery of the         787;     -   (b) measure the current flowing through the low resistance         insulated welding cable following the electrical connection to         the battery terminals.

Instead of electrically connecting to the negative terminals of the Main Battery and the APU Battery as shown in FIG. 9, FIG. 10 shows the electrical connection to points P and Q. Most of the elements and Legends in FIG. 10 have already been identified in FIG. 9. However, insulated electrical wire 672 is connected to point P of an electrical circuit, and insulated electric wire 674 is connected to point Q of an electrical circuit. In one embodiment, electric wires 672 and 674 are made from the same type of wire as used for numerals 627 and 642 in FIG. 9. In this case, the electrical circuit is a portion of the distributed circuit pathways within a portion of the fuselage of a particular Boeing 787. The identified elements in FIG. 10 substitute for corresponding elements in FIG. 9.

Therefore, FIG. 10 shows a method to determine the presence of unknown Groundloop currents flowing through particular circuit pathways within a distributed wiring system located within a portion the fuselage of a particular Boeing 787, wherein the particular circuit pathways include an electrical circuit that is electrically connected to point P, and wherein the particular circuit pathways include an electrical circuit that is electrically connected to point Q, comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) electrically connect a low resistance insulated copper         welding cable to point P and to point Q of said electrical         circuit;     -   (b) measure the current flowing through the low resistance         insulated welding cable following the electrical connection to         said points P and Q.

FIG. 11 shows how the invention may be used to monitor the presence of unknown Groundloop currents flowing through unidentified circuit pathways with the wiring system distributed with a portion of the fuselage of a particular Boeing 787. An insulated electrically conducting wire is passed through the fuselage of the 787. One end is connected to the negative terminal of the APU Battery. The other end is connected to the negative terminal of the Main Body. The wire is then severed into two pieces, respectively 686 and 690 in FIG. 11, and the electrically conducting wire is connected to measurement electronics 688. In one embodiment, measurement electronics 688 measures the current passing through the device. Element 688 may have different sensitivities for measuring current in different applications. In other preferred embodiments, the time dependence of the current is measured along with other electrical parameters. In a preferred embodiment, only changes in the current passing through 688 are noted—so that if a big change occurs, it is a warning that something adverse is happening in the electronics system of the 787.

Accordingly, FIG. 11 shows a method to monitor the presence of unknown Groundloop currents flowing through unidentified circuit pathways within the wiring system distributed within a portion the fuselage of a particular Boeing 787 comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) electrically connect an insulated wire to the negative         terminal of the Main Battery of the 787 and to the negative         terminal of the APU Battery of the 787;     -   (b) measure the current flowing through the insulated wire         following the electrical connection to the battery terminals.

In relation to the above disclosure, please refer to the 2013 article entitled “Airbus Drops Lithium-Ion Batteries for A350” that appears in Attachment 11 to PPA-107, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. This article states: “Initial flight tests will be performed with lithium-ion batteries, because it is already too late now to implement the change for the early part of the flight test program. However, the A350 will later be certified with Nickel-Cadmium batteries”. Several other related articles about the A350 also appear in Attachment 11 to PPA-107. The point is that selected embodiments of the invention appearing in FIG. 9 can be used for any aircraft having two batteries—including the A350 having Nickel-Cadmium batteries, or batteries of two different types.

The book entitled “Aircraft Wiring & Electrical Installation”, having the author of Avotek Information Resources, First Edition, 2005, is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

The book entitled “Aircraft Communications and Navigation Systems: Principles, Maintenance and Operation”, by Mike Tooley and David Wyatt, Routledge, First Edition, 2007, is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

The book entitled “Aircraft Maintenance and Repair”, by Michael Kroes, William Watkins, Frank Delp, and Ronald Sterkenburg, McGraw-Hill, Seventh Edition, 2013, is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

The book entitled “Aircraft Electricity and Electronics”, by Thomas Eismin, McGraw-Hill, Sixth Edition, 2013, is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

Microfractures and Microcracks

Please refer to the 2011 article entitled “Boeing Will Test Composite Cryotanks for NASA” that appears in Attachment 11 to PPA-107, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. This article states: “If the Boeing technology works out, it could solve a problem that effectively killed NASA's X-33 reusable launch vehicle testbed. NASA canceled that program after spending almost $1 billion when a composite liquid hydrogen tank failed during loads testing at Marshall in November 1999.” This article further states: “The failure was later attributed to microcracks in the inner and outer composite skins, which allowed pressurized hydrogen and chilled nitrogen gas from the tank's safety containment to creep into the material and expand as it warmed”. This reference shows that subject of microcracks are of considerable commercial importance.

The academic paper entitled “Onset of Resin Micro-cracks in Unidirectional Glass Fiber Laminates with Integrated SHM Sensors: Numerical Analysis”, by Yi Huang, Fabrizia Ghezzo, and Sia Nemat-Nasser, originally published online on the date of Aug. 6, 2009, appears in Attachment 11 to PPA-107, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. The date of Aug. 6, 2009 is after the filing date of PPA-32. The abbreviation of SHM appears to related to “Structural Health Monitoring”, and the logo of that appears on the first page of the article in PPA-107.

The book entitled “Composite Materials, Design and Applications”, by Daniel Gay, CRC Press, Third Edition, 2015, is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Section 18.8 of this book on page 425 is entitled “Tube Made of Glass/Epoxy under Pressure”. Item 4 of the calculations on page 426 states in part: This strain as to be less than 0.1% to avoid microfractures, which can lead to fluid leakage across the tube thickness, known as weeping phenomenon.” Therefore, it is now known how to perform certain calculations on particular structures predicting the onset of the formation of microfractures that makes the methods and apparatus described herein of even more importance to the industry.

The Abstract of the article entitled “Cryogenic Microcracking of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites: Influences of Fiber-Matrix Adhesion” by John F. Timmerman, Journal of Composite Materials, November 2003, a copy of which appears as Attachment 11 to PPA-107, is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

A copy of a 2008 Blog at the SailNet Community is incorporated in PPA-107 that is incorporated herein in its entirety. This Blog poses the following Questions: “does diesel and motor oil affect fiberglass resin? I'm pretty sure its orthophtalic being a 1973 production sail boat. Can it affect the structural integrity of the layup?” The Answers state: No . . . you'll find some fiberglass fuel tanks in many boats. What IS a concern is ethanol in NEW diesel formulations which can turn the glass into sludge”.

The book entitled “Failure Mechanisms in Polymer Matrix Composites: Criteria, Testing and Industrial Applications”, by Paul Robinson, Emile Greenhalgh, and Silvestre Pinho, Elsevier (Press), 2012, is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Page 238 of this reference states in part: “Although moisture that accumulates within a foam or honeycomb is a concern as its adds weight to an aircraft, the potential for the moisture to suddenly vaporize, which causes a large pressure from the core, is the main source of concern. Such a failure was purported to be the cause of the failure of the X-33 cryogenic tank [26] which was a honeycomb-core sandwich structure.” This article further states: “It is well known that moisture acts as a plasticizer on polymer matrices and there is evidence of microcrack formation due to cyclic moisture exposure [27,28] and to combined moisture and thermal cycling [29].”

It would be wise to conduct experiments to determine the influence of aviation fuel of the type typically used today by the 787 on test pieces of fiber-reinforced composite materials typical of those used in and around the wing boxes of a 787 for reasons previously mentioned in the specification. These tests could also include the presence of water, or moisture in the form of humidity. These tests could also include the presence of hydraulic fluids of type used in hydraulic systems—particular of the types of hydraulic fluids used near the wing boxes of a 787 for reasons previously mentioned in the specification. These tests could include any fluid or any other substance (such as grease, or fluids used to clean or de-ice aircraft, or fluids leaking from portions of a jet engine) that could find its way into regions near the wing boxes of the 787 for reasons previously mentioned in the specification. Vapors of different types in portions of a wing of a 787 may form liquid condensates under various conditions, and these tests should include such condensates.

Further, these experiments could subject test specimens of composite materials to a predetermined strain during the experiments. As an example, a rectangular portion of a typical fiber-reinforced composite material used in, or near, the wing boxes of a 787 could be put in a small jig. The jig would hold one end firmly in as in a vice. The other end of the jig would deflect the rectangular section through a selected displacement. For example, the test specimen could be 4 inches wide, 8 inches long, and a typical thickness appropriate for the location within the 787. The 4 inch wide section could be held in the vice of the jig, and the long portion of the fiber-reinforced composite test sample could be deflected through a selected displacement thereby causing predetermine strains within the material. Different selected displacements would therefore generate different strains within different locations within the material of the test sample. The test jig and sample would be immersed into the test fluid—for example the type of aviation fuel typically used in a 787—and subject to different temperatures, pressures, vibrations, etc., as appropriate. The test jig and sample can also be subject to different vapors at different temperatures and pressures. The test jig and sample under selected strain could be subject to any chosen environmental factor during a systematic testing program. Put another way, a deflection through a selected displacement produces a stress field throughout the sample material that produces a strain field throughout the sample material under the environmental circumstances chosen.

In addition to the above testing procedures, a rectangular sample of a fiber-reinforced composite material can be placed into an ordinary machinist's vice of the type used to bolt to the top of milling machines. Selected compressive forces may be applied by tightening the vice. The machinist's vice with the sample of fiber-reinforced composite material can be immersed in selected fluids as described above.

The pdf download entitled “Chapter 7: Advanced Composite Materials”, an FAA document downloaded on Aug. 7, 2015, appears in Attachment 13 to PPA-107, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. The first page in Attachment 13 shows the internet address of this Chapter 7.

The book entitled “Composite Materials: Step-by-Step Projects”, by John Wanberg, Wolfgang Publications, 2014, is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

The book entitled “Design, Manufacturing and Applications of Composites Tenth Workshop 2014: Joint Canada-Japan Workshop on Composites”, Edited by Reza Vaziri, et al., DEStech Publications, Inc., 2015, is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

Many embodiments of the invention have been described in relation to using fiber-reinforced composite materials. However, the invention may be suitably used with other materials, including plastics, polymers, composite materials, and any other “composite-like” material. The invention may be suitably used for any material defined within the specification of this application and within any of the reference documents that have been incorporated in their entirety herein by reference including all cited patent documents and books.

Many of the preferred embodiments of the invention have been described in terms of their use in airplanes. However, other embodiments of the invention may be used in rockets, spacecraft, ships, submarines, sail boats, motor boats, pleasure craft, storage tanks, pipelines, buildings, automobiles, tanker trucks, railroad tank cars, drones, ROV's, etc. Of course, preferred embodiments of invention may be used in any portion of any aircraft—including the fuel tanks, the tail, the wing tips, and in parts of the landing gear. Preferred embodiments of the invention may also be used in any portion of a fuselage containing metallic screens, such as copper screens or copper-alloy, for lightning protection. Preferred embodiments of the invention may also be used in any fuselage that may have any other materials added to a fiber-reinforced composite material or added to any composite material or added to “composite-like” material.

Various embodiments of the invention apply to materials and objects made using “3D printing” techniques also called “Additive Manufacturing” techniques. Such techniques are described in detail in the book entitled “Additive Manufacturing Technologies: 3D Printing, Rapid Prototyping, and Direct Digital Manufacturing”, by Ian Gibson, David Rosen, and Brent Stucker, Second Edition, Springer, 2015, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Various embodiments of the invention also apply to composite materials that are infused with one or more types of nanoparticles. Yet other embodiments of the invention apply to “composite-like” materials infused with one or more types of nanoparticles. Such nanoparticles are described in the book entitled “Nanoparticles”, by Gunter Schmidt (Editor), Second Edition, Wiley-VCH, 2010, an entire copy of which is incorporated herein by reference. And still other embodiments of the invention apply to “self-healing” composite materials that are infused with one or more types of nanoparticles.

The book entitled “Composites: Materials, Processes, Structures & Applications”, by A. Kanni Raj, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, May 13, 2015, is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

And finally, the book entitled “Composite Materials: Materials, Manufacturing, Analysis, Design and Repair”, by Professor Kuen Y. Lin, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, Apr. 3, 2015, is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

It is evident from the description that there are many variations of the invention.

The foregoing discussion of the disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The foregoing is not intended to limit the disclosure to the form or forms disclosed herein. In the foregoing Detailed Description for example, various features of the disclosure are grouped together in one or more embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed disclosure requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment of the disclosure.

Moreover, though the present disclosure has included description of one or more embodiments and certain variations and modifications, other variations and modifications are within the scope of the disclosure, e.g., as may be within the skill and knowledge of those in the art, after understanding the present disclosure. It is intended to obtain rights which include alternative embodiments to the extent permitted, including alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps to those claimed, whether or not such alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps are disclosed herein, and without intending to publicly dedicate any patentable subject matter.

REFERENCES Patent Literature

The following patents and published patent applications are related to fiber, reinforced and/or composite materials relevant to aircraft. Each is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

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While the above description contains many specificities, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but rather as exemplification of preferred embodiments thereto. As have been briefly described, there are many possible variations. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determined not only by the embodiments illustrated, but by any appended claims and their legal equivalents that will eventually issue in a relevant patent or patents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method to test the functional stability of data acquired from at least one particular sensor within a selected Boeing 787 that is displayed on the cockpit display of the 787 while changing the paths of any Groundloop currents flowing in a distributed wiring system within the fuselage of the 787, wherein said fuselage is substantially made of fiber-reinforced composite materials, comprising the steps of: (a) first, observe first data acquired from said particular sensor that is displayed on said cockpit display; (b) second, electrically connect a low resistance insulated copper welding cable to the negative terminal of the Main Battery of the 787 and to the negative terminal of the APU Battery of the 787; (c) third, observe second data acquired from said particular sensor; and (d) fourth, determine any change between said first and second data.
 2. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor is an oil pressure sensor in one engine of said
 787. 3. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor is a temperature sensor located in a fuel tank of said
 787. 4. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor monitors fuel flow from a fuel tank of said
 787. 5. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor monitors the fuel pressure within a fuel tank of said
 787. 6. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor monitors the voltage output of at least one cell within a lithium-ion battery on said 787 that comprises a portion of the Main Battery.
 7. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor monitors the voltage output of at least one cell within a lithium-ion battery on said 787 that comprises a portion of the APU Battery.
 8. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor monitors the temperature of at least one cell within a lithium-ion battery on said 787 that comprises a portion of the Main Battery.
 9. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor monitors the temperature of at least one cell within a lithium-ion battery on said 787 that comprises a portion of the APU Battery.
 10. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor monitors the pressure in at least one cell within a lithium-ion battery on said 787 that comprises a portion of the Main Battery.
 11. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor monitors the pressure of at least one cell within a lithium-ion battery on said 787 that comprises a portion of the APU Battery.
 12. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor monitors the charge state in coulombs of at least one cell within a lithium-ion battery on said 787 that comprises a portion of the Main Battery.
 13. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor monitors the charge state in coulombs of at least one cell within a lithium-ion battery on said 787 that comprises a portion of the APU Battery.
 14. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor monitors the Battery Charger Unit for the Main Battery of said
 787. 15. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor monitors the Battery Charger Unit for the APU Battery of said
 787. 16. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor monitors the Battery Monitoring Unit for the Main Battery of said
 787. 17. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor monitors the Battery Monitoring Unit for the APU Battery of said
 787. 18. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor monitors the Main Power Unit Controller for the Main Battery of said
 787. 19. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor monitors the Auxiliary Power Unit Controller for the APU Battery of said
 787. 20. The method in claim 1, wherein said particular sensor monitors at least one flight recorder of said
 787. 21. The method in claim 1, said low resistance insulated copper welding cable is #4/0 Gauge Stranded Copper Welding Cable having a resistance approximately 0.055 ohms per thousand feet.
 22. The method in claim 1, wherein said low resistance insulated copper welding cable is #1/0 Gauge Stranded Copper Welding Cable having a resistance of approximately 0.110 ohms per thousand feet.
 23. A method to determine any unanticipated influence on at least one particular output of a measurement and processing means of an intelligent patch of a hole in the fuselage of a 787 due to any unknown Groundloop currents flowing through unidentified Groundloop circuits within the remaining portion of said fuselage of said 787, wherein said fuselage is substantially made of fiber-reinforced composite materials, comprising at least the following steps: (a) continuously monitor said particular output of said measurement and processing means; (b) connect the negative terminal of the APU Battery to the negative terminal of the Main Battery; and (c) determine any resulting change to the particular output of said measurement processing means.
 24. A method to test a majority of the operational electrical systems for potential Groundloop problems in a 787, wherein said fuselage is substantially made of fiber-reinforced composite materials, comprising the steps of: (a) first, determine that all systems are properly functioning and meet specific operational specifications; (b) second, electrically connect a low resistance insulated copper welding cable to the negative terminal of the Main Battery of the 787 and to the negative terminal of the APU Battery of the 787 to determine if said systems remain properly functioning and continue to meet specific operational specifications.
 25. A method to determine the presence of unknown Groundloop currents flowing through unidentified circuit pathways within the wiring system distributed within a portion the fuselage of a particular Boeing 787 comprising the steps of: (a) electrically connect a low resistance insulated copper welding cable to the negative terminal of the Main Battery of the 787 and to the negative terminal of the APU Battery of the 787; (b) measure the current flowing through said low resistance insulated welding cable following the electrical connection to said battery terminals.
 26. A method to monitor the presence of unknown Groundloop currents flowing through unidentified circuit pathways within the wiring system distributed within a portion the fuselage of a particular Boeing 787 comprising the steps of: (a) electrically connect an insulated wire to the negative terminal of the Main Battery of the 787 and to the negative terminal of the APU Battery of the 787; (b) measure the current flowing through said insulated wire following the electrical connection to said battery terminals.
 27. A method to determine the presence of unknown Groundloop currents flowing through particular circuit pathways within a distributed wiring system located within a portion the fuselage of a fiber reinforced composite aircraft, wherein said particular circuit pathways include an electrical circuit that is electrically connected to point P, and wherein said particular circuit pathways include an electrical circuit that is electrically connected to point Q, comprising the steps of: (a) electrically connect a low resistance insulated copper welding cable to point P and to point Q of said electrical circuit; (b) measure the current flowing through said low resistance insulated welding cable following the electrical connection to said points P and Q. 